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Germination Tests for Assessing Biochar Quality
Abstract
Definition, analysis, and certification of biochar quality are crucial to the agronomic acceptance of biochar. While most biochars have a positive impact on plant growth, some may have adverse effects due to the presence of phytotoxic compounds. Conversely, some biochars may have the ability to adsorb and neutralize natural phytotoxic compounds found in soil. We evaluated the effects of biochars on seedling growth and absorption of allelochemicals present in corn ( L.) residues. Corn seeds were germinated in aqueous extracts of six biochars produced from varied feedstocks, thermochemical processes, and temperatures. Percent germination and shoot and radicle lengths were evaluated at the end of the germination period. Extracts from the six biochars had no effect on percent germination; however, extracts from three biochars produced at high conversion temperatures significantly inhibited shoot growth by an average of 16% relative to deionized (DI) water. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons detected in the aqueous extracts are believed to be at least partly responsible for the reduction in seedling growth. Repeated leaching of biochars before extract preparation eliminated the negative effects on seedling growth. Biochars differ significantly in their capacity to adsorb allelochemicals present in corn residues. Germination of corn seeds in extracts of corn residue showed 94% suppression of radicle growth compared to those exposed to DI water; however, incubation of corn residue extracts with leached biochar for 24 h before initiating the germination test increased radicle length 6 to 12 times compared to the corn residue extract treatments. Germination tests appear to be a reliable procedure to differentiate between effects of different types of biochar on corn seedling growth.
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“In another germination experiment, it was shown that aqueous extracts of six biochars produced from varied feedstocks, thermochemical processes, and temperatures had no effect on percent germination of Zea mays grains (Rogovska et al., 2012), however, there was an increased seed germination of potato (Bamberg et al., 1986).”
From Biochar implications for sustainable agriculture and environment: A review (2019) · cites this paper as Rogovska et al., 2012
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Rogovska, N., Laird, D., Cruse, R. M., Trabue, S., & Heaton, E.
- Affiliations
- Agricultural Research Service (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rogovska, N.
- Venue
- Journal of Environmental Quality
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-07
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1014-1022
- ISSN
- 0047-2425 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2003802036
- Cited by
- 204
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 12.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Environmental Quality (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Iowa State University Digital Repository (Iowa State University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Allelopathy and phytotoxic interactions
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Fuel Technology › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Keywords
- biochar quality, seed germination, phytotoxicity, allelochemicals, corn residue, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, seedling growth, biochar feedstock, pyrolysis temperature, biochar adsorption
- MeSH terms
- Charcoal, Zea mays, Poaceae, Pheromones, Water, Wood, Incineration, Germination
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