Cited by 261Soil and Unsaturated FlowSoil Carbon and Nitrogen DynamicsSoil and Water Nutrient Dynamics

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Nutrient Leaching in a Colombian Savanna Oxisol Amended with Biochar

Major, Julie, Rondon, Marco, Molina, Diego, Riha, Susan J., Lehmann, Johannes·2012·Journal of Environmental Quality

DOI 10.2134/jeq2011.0128

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Abstract

Nutrient leaching in highly weathered tropical soils often poses a challenge for crop production. We investigated the effects of applying 20 t ha biochar (BC) to a Colombian savanna Oxisol on soil hydrology and nutrient leaching in field experiments. Measurements were made over the third and fourth years after a single BC application. Nutrient contents in the soil solution were measured under one maize and one soybean crop each year that were routinely fertilized with mineral fertilizers. Leaching by unsaturated water flux was calculated using soil solution sampled with suction cup lysimeters and water flux estimates generated by the model HYDRUS 1-D. No significant difference ( > 0.05) was observed in surface-saturated hydraulic conductivity or soil water retention curves, resulting in no relevant changes in water percolation after BC additions in the studied soils. However, due to differences in soil solution concentrations, leaching of inorganic N, Ca, Mg, and K measured up to a depth of 0.6 m increased ( < 0.05), whereas P leaching decreased, and leaching of all nutrients (except P) at a depth of 1.2 m was significantly reduced with BC application. Changes in leaching at 2.0 m depth with BC additions were about one order of magnitude lower than at other depths, except for P. Biochar applications increased soil solution concentrations and downward movement of nutrients in the root zone and decreased leaching of Ca, Mg, and Sr at 1.2 m, possibly by a combination of retention and crop nutrient uptake.

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“In this study, biochar addition improved the CEC in biochar-modified soils compared to the control with no biochar addition, which was consistent with previous reports (Lehmann et al. 2003; Chan et al. 2008; Hossain et al. 2011; Major et al. 2012).”
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BackgroundResult
Effect of Biochar on Nutrient Leaching in a Young Apple Orchard
Hardie, M. A., Oliver, G., Clothier, B., Bound, S., Green, S., & Close, D. C. (2015) · Journal of Environmental Quality · doi:10.2134/jeq2015.02.0068 · Cited by 48
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Background
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Lian, H., Yi, H., Yang, Y., Wu, B., & Wang, R. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13084125 · Cited by 19
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Distillers’ grains anaerobic digestion residue biochar used for ammonium sorption and its effect on ammonium leaching from an Ultisol
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“However, it is controversial whether soil application of biochar is unbeneficial to nutrient leaching (Major et al. 2012).”
Background
Quantifying the influence of eucalyptus bark and corncob biochars on the physico-chemical properties of a tropical oxisol under two soil tillage modes
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Surface soil mixing is more beneficial than the plough layer mixing mode of biochar application for nitrogen retention in a paddy system
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“In contrast to this find, Major et al. (2012) reported that the application of biochar enhanced nutrient retention and then declined leaching.”
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Pore structure of wastewater sludge chars and their water retention impacts in different soils
Turunen, M., Hyväluoma, J., Keskinen, R., Kaseva, J., Nikama, J., Reunamo, A., & Rasa, K. (2021) · Biosystems Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2021.03.010 · Cited by 17
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“2020), as well as lower NO3 leaching in field and column studies (Angst et al. 2013; Major et al. 2012).”
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Biochar Reduces the Stability of Soil Aggregates during Intensive Leaching Experiment
Teutscherová, N., Lojka, B., Benito, M., Masaguer, A., & Vázquez, E. (2020) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy10121910 · Cited by 14
Effects of fertilizer and biochar applications on the relationship among soil moisture, temperature, and N 2 O emissions in farmland
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“Biochar amendment of soil has many physical effects; for example, it improves the water holding capacity of the soil (Major et al., 2012), nitrate retention (Ghulam et al.”
Background
Co‐composted biochar to decrease fertilization rates in cotton–maize rotation in Burkina Faso
Cissé, D., Cornelis, J., Traoré, M., Saba, F., Coulibaly, K., Lefebvre, D., Colinet, G., & Nacro, H. B. (2021) · Agronomy Journal · doi:10.1002/agj2.20867 · Cited by 14
Eco-friendly approach to improve traits of winter wheat by combining cold plasma treatments and carbonization of subtropical biomass waste
Saberi, M., Ghomi, H., & Andreasen, C. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-15286-4 · Cited by 14
Hydraulic behaviour of sand-biochar mixtures in water and wastewater treatment applications
Wang, Z., Sedighi, M., Lea‐Langton, A., & Babaei, M. (2022) · Journal of Hydrology · doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.128220 · Cited by 14
Co-application of compost and biochar improves soil properties and Desho grass growth on acidic soils in a tropical environment of Southwestern Ethiopia
Shifa, S., Worku, M., & Beyene, A. (2023) · Cogent Food & Agriculture · doi:10.1080/23311932.2023.2290338 · Cited by 14
“The effect of biochar including that from coffee husk on soil pH, widely reported in the literature (Dume et al., 2015; Major et al., 2012), was also confirmed in the current study (Tables 1 and 2).”
RETRACTED – Assessing the synergistic impacts of poultry manure and biochar on nutrient-depleted sand and sandy loam soil properties and sweet potato growth and yield
Agbede, T. M., Oyewumi, A., Adekiya, A. O., Adebiyi, O. T. V., Abisuwa, T. A., Ijigbade, J. O., Ogundipe, C. T., Oladele, S. O., Olaogun, O., & Eifediyi, E. K. (2022) · Experimental Agriculture · doi:10.1017/s0014479722000497 · Cited by 13
“…acidic soils), nutrient retention (due to increased CEC and surface area), or direct release of nutrients from biochar surfaces are some of the mechanisms that increase the availability of plant nutrients in biochar-amended plots (Major et al., 2012; Martinsen et al., 2015; Minhas et al., 2020).”
BackgroundInfluential
Retracted
Biochar manure decreases ammonia volatilization loss and sustains crop productivity in rice paddy
Canatoy, R. C., Cho, S. R., Galgo, S. J. C., Park, S. Y., & Kim, P. J. (2024) · Frontiers in Environmental Science · doi:10.3389/fenvs.2024.1421320 · Cited by 13
Nitrogen enriched biochar-compost mixture as a soil amendment to the Haplic Luvisol: effect on greenhouse gas emission
Rizhiya, E. Y., Hořák, J., Šimanský, V., & Buchkina, N. P. (2019) · Biologia · doi:10.2478/s11756-019-00335-7 · Cited by 13
Changes in sandy soil hydro‐physical properties as function of biochar and biogas slurry amendments
Abdo, A. I. (2020) · Soil Use and Management · doi:10.1111/sum.12650 · Cited by 15
“Fine-grained biochar particles, swelling and grain segregation properties of biochar particle reduced SIR, HC and so did the soil drainage (Barnes et al., 2014; Major et al., 2012; Uzoma et al., 2011).”
Background
Leachate Composition of Temperate Agricultural Soils in Response to Biochar Application
Buecker, J., Kloss, S., Wimmer, B., Rempt, F., Zehetner, F., & Soja, G. (2016) · Water Air & Soil Pollution · doi:10.1007/s11270-016-2745-y · Cited by 12
“Due to the high porosity, SSA and CEC of BCs, nutrients may be quickly retained in the soil and become successively available to plants, which may result in increased plant uptake (Cheng et al. 2008; Downie et al. 2009; Major et al. 2012; Uzoma et al. 2011).”
Background
Uso agrícola e florestal do biochar: estado da arte e futuras pesquisas
Júnior, C. D. C., Pimenta, A. S., de Souza, E. C., Pereira, A. K. S., & Júnior, A. F. D. (2022) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v11i2.25999 · Cited by 14
Biochar affects soil properties over 1 m depth in an alkaline soil of north China Plain
Bai, X., Tang, J., & Lin, Q. (2024) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.123097 · Cited by 11
Evaluation of climate change impacts and effectiveness of adaptation options on nitrate loss, microbial respiration, and soil organic carbon in the Southeastern USA
Lychuk, T. E., Hill, R. L., Izaurralde, R. C., Momen, B., & Thomson, A. M. (2021) · Agricultural Systems · doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103210 · Cited by 12
The utility of biochar for increasing the fertility of new agricultural lands converted from boreal forests
Abedin, J., & Unc, A. (2021) · Canadian Journal of Soil Science · doi:10.1139/cjss-2021-0002 · Cited by 11
“Previous reports suggested that biochar amendment to surface soils can increase nutrient concentrations in the subsoil (Major et al. 2012).”
Background
Influence of Pyrolyzed Grape-Seeds/Sewage Sludge Blends on the Availability of P, Fe, Cu, As and Cd to Maize
Aceña‐Heras, S., Novak, J. M., Cayuela, M. L., Peñalosa, J. M., & Moreno‐Jiménez, E. (2019) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy9070406 · Cited by 12
Short-lived Effects of Olive Pomace Biochar Produced at Different Temperatures on Nitrate (NO3-), Bromide (Br-), Sulfate (SO42-) and Phosphate (PO43-) Leaching from Sandy Loam Soils
İlay, R. (2020) · Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis · doi:10.1080/00103624.2020.1822375 · Cited by 11
Evaluating the seasonal effects of whole orchard recycling on water movement and nitrogen retention for a newly established almond orchard: Simulation using HYDRUS-1D
Thao, T., Culumber, C. M., Poret‐Peterson, A. T., Zuber, C., Holtz, B. A., & Gao, S. (2024) · Agricultural Water Management · doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2024.108882 · Cited by 10
Effect of Three Different Types of Biochar on Bioelectricity Generated from Plant Microbial Fuel Cells under Unsaturated Soil Condition
Gan, S., Chen, B., Li, L., Sushkova, S. N., & Garg, A. (2024) · ACS Applied Bio Materials · doi:10.1021/acsabm.4c00727 · Cited by 10
Wheat Straw-Derived Biochar Enhanced Nitrification in a Calcareous Clay Soil
Wang, C., ShaoRong, C., Wu, L., Zhang, F., & Cui, J. (2018) · Polish Journal of Environmental Studies · doi:10.15244/pjoes/76504 · Cited by 10
“Moreover, previous studies have indicated that wood- or manure-based biochars can reduce leaching of fertilizer N in highly weathered subtropical or tropical soils using pot experiments [6], repacked soil columns [7-9], or suction cup lysimeters in fields [10-11].”
Impact of the Combined Application of Biochar and Compost on Mine Soil Quality and Growth of Lady’s Finger (Abelmoschus esculentus)
Mukhopadhyay, S., Masto, R. E., Singh, A. K., & Singh, P. K. (2020) · Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00128-020-03011-8 · Cited by 10
Variations of soil viable and necromass carbon affected by biochar incorporation frequencies
Zhang, Y., Xie, H., Wang, F., & Zhang, X. (2021) · Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science · doi:10.1080/03650340.2021.1915484 · Cited by 10
“We used biochar from lower temperature (350–500 °C) which had more nutrients than that from higher temperature (Major et al. 2012; Naeem et al. 2016).”
BackgroundMethod
Synergistic effects of aquatic weed biochar and inorganic fertilizer on soil properties, maize yield, and nitrogen use efficiency on Nitisols of Northwestern Ethiopian Highlands
Gezahegn, A., Selassie, Y. G., Agegnehu, G., Addisu, S., Mihretie, F. A., Kohira, Y., Lewoyehu, M., & Sato, S. (2025) · Journal of Agriculture and Food Research · doi:10.1016/j.jafr.2025.101939 · Cited by 9
Effect of Wheat-Derived Biochar on Soil Nutrients Availability and Nutrients Uptake by Two Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Cultivars under Water Stress
Najafi‐Ghiri, M., Bijanzadeh, E., & Bahadori, F. (2022) · Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis · doi:10.1080/00103624.2022.2060251 · Cited by 10
“Some researchers (Cheng, Lehmann, and Engelhard 2008; Lehmann and Joseph 2009; Liang et al. 2006; Major et al. 2012) have concluded that biochar has a large potential for retention of K because of its high specific surface area, porous structure, and surface negative Figure 5.”
Background
Biochars Improve Nutrient Retention Capacity of Highly Weathered Tropical SoilsPreprint
Berek, A. K., Hue, N. V., Radovich, T., & Ahmad, A. A. (2018) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints201806.0237.v1 · Cited by 9
“adsorption of nutrients by the surface charge or the micropore structure of biochar and the complexation of Al and Fe by organic acids and functional groups of composts and biochars [37]; (4) decreasing nutrient leaching such as NO3- and P by improving water-holding capacity of the soils [6,38,39], and (5) the formati…”
Background
Microbial communities of biochar amended forest soils in northwestern USA
Sarauer, J. L., & Coleman, M. D. (2023) · Applied Soil Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2023.104875 · Cited by 10
Impact of biochar amendments on soil water and plant uptake dynamics under different cropping systems
Thao, T., Arora, B., & Ghezzehei, T. A. (2023) · Vadose Zone Journal · doi:10.1002/vzj2.20266 · Cited by 8
Changes of wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) germination as affected by application of tomato plant biochar under salinity stress
İlay, R. (2021) · Journal of Plant Nutrition · doi:10.1080/01904167.2021.2006708 · Cited by 8
Impact of manure and biochar additions on annual crop growth, nutrient uptake, and fate of 15N-labelled fertilizer in two contrasting temperate prairie soils after four years
Hangs, R. D., Schoenau, J. J., & Knight, J. D. (2021) · Canadian Journal of Soil Science · doi:10.1139/cjss-2021-0006 · Cited by 9
“Any leached (15)N could have been in both dissolved organic and inorganic forms, along with either form sorbed to percolating Fast biochar colloids (Major et al. 2012).”
Background
Short-term effects of rice straw biochar on hydraulic properties and aggregate stability of an Acrisol
Parker, N., Cornelis, W., Frimpong, K. A., Danso, E. O., Bessah, E., & Arthur, E. (2021) · Soil Research · doi:10.1071/sr20250 · Cited by 8
Biochar, compost and biochar-compost: effects on crop performance, soil quality and greenhouse gas emissions in tropical agricultural soils
Agegnehu, G. (2017) · ResearchOnline at James Cook University (James Cook University) · doi:10.4225/28/5afb62321fb3b · Cited by 9
“Leaching of nutrients from soils can deplete soil fertility, hasten soil acidification, increase cost of fertilizer for farmers, reduce yield of crops, and most notably threaten environmental health (Lehmann et al., 2003; Major et al., 2012).”
Background
Assessing the influence of biochars on the hydraulic properties of a loamy sand soil
Stylianou, M. A., Panagiotou, C. F., Andreou, E., Frixou, F., Christou, A., & Papanastasiou, P. (2020) · Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery · doi:10.1007/s13399-020-01114-0 · Cited by 7
Recycling of Agro-Wastes for Environmental and Nutritional Security
Deka, P., Handique, S., Kalita, S., & Gogoi, N. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-5199-1_20 · Cited by 7
Effect of Biochar, Hydrogel and Soil Liming on Nutrient Leaching in a Coarse-Textured Soil
Purkaystha, J., Prasher, S. O., Afzal, M. T., Dhiman, J., & Nzediegwu, C. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17125396 · Cited by 7
Biochar Application for Improving the Yield and Quality of Crops Under Climate Change
Majumder, D., Saha, S., Mukherjee, B., Das, S., Rahman, F. H., & Hossain, A. (2023) · Sustainable agriculture reviews · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-26983-7_1 · Cited by 8
Biochar: Porous Carbon Material, Its Role to Maintain Sustainable Environment
Dey, D., Sarangi, D., & Mondal, P. (2023) · Materials horizons · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-7188-4_22 · Cited by 6
Effects of Biochar Concentrations and Fertilizer Types on Drip-Irrigated Upland Rice Performance
Eze, R. C., AKINBILE, C. O., Ewulo, B. S., & Abolude, A. T. (2022) · Journal of Rice Research and Developments · doi:10.36959/973/439 · Cited by 6
Naturally Deposited Charcoal Enhances Water Retention Capacity of Subtropical Forest Soils
Cheng, L., Wang, K., Yao, Z. G., Liu, X., Zhao, D., & Wang, Y. (2024) · Forests · doi:10.3390/f15111939 · Cited by 5
Impact of almond shell biochar properties and application rate on soil physical and hydraulic characteristics
Thao, T., Lopez, V. D., Gonzales, M. L., Berhe, A. A., Dı́az, G., & Ghezzehei, T. A. (2025) · Sustainable Environment · doi:10.1080/27658511.2025.2485688 · Cited by 5
“More specifically, it is thought that biochar provides additional pore space for the sorption of water and nutrients, thus retaining these substances for a longer period in soil, allowing for more plant and microbe uptakes (Gao et al., 2023; Kameyama et al., 2012; Major et al., 2012).”
Biochar impact on soil properties and soil solution nutrient concentrations under cotton production
Sharma, R. K., Singh, G., Jakhar, A., Dhillon, J. S., Anapalli, S. S., Nelson, K. A., & Kaur, G. (2025) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.125660 · Cited by 7

Authors: Major, J., Rondon, M., Molina, D., Riha, S. J., & Lehmann, J.
Affiliations: Cornell University (US)
Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), A.A.; 6713 Cali Colombia
International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CO)
Corresponding author: Lehmann, Johannes
ORCID: Riha, Susan J.
Lehmann, Johannes
Venue: Journal of Environmental Quality
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2012-07
Volume: 41
Issue: 4
Pages: 1076-1086
ISSN: 0047-2425 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.2134/jeq2011.0128
OpenAlex: W2005588303
Cited by: 261
References: 66
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 29.77
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1 (tdm)
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Journal of Environmental Quality (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
CGSPace A Repository of Agricultural Research Outputs (Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Canada Graduate Scholarship from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
Department of Crop and Soil Sciences at Cornell University
Topics: Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Soil and Unsaturated Flow
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Soil and Water Nutrient Dynamics
Keywords: biochar, nutrient leaching, Oxisol, savanna soils, soil pore water, hydraulic conductivity, soil water retention, inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, potassium, strontium, maize, soybean, mineral fertilization, soil hydrology
MeSH terms: Charcoal, Colombia, Zea mays, Environmental Monitoring, Soil, Glycine max, Time Factors, Water, Water Movements, Ecosystem, Plant Roots

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Nutrient Leaching in a Colombian Savanna Oxisol Amended with Biochar

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