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Nutrient Leaching in a Colombian Savanna Oxisol Amended with Biochar
Abstract
Nutrient leaching in highly weathered tropical soils often poses a challenge for crop production. We investigated the effects of applying 20 t ha biochar (BC) to a Colombian savanna Oxisol on soil hydrology and nutrient leaching in field experiments. Measurements were made over the third and fourth years after a single BC application. Nutrient contents in the soil solution were measured under one maize and one soybean crop each year that were routinely fertilized with mineral fertilizers. Leaching by unsaturated water flux was calculated using soil solution sampled with suction cup lysimeters and water flux estimates generated by the model HYDRUS 1-D. No significant difference ( > 0.05) was observed in surface-saturated hydraulic conductivity or soil water retention curves, resulting in no relevant changes in water percolation after BC additions in the studied soils. However, due to differences in soil solution concentrations, leaching of inorganic N, Ca, Mg, and K measured up to a depth of 0.6 m increased ( < 0.05), whereas P leaching decreased, and leaching of all nutrients (except P) at a depth of 1.2 m was significantly reduced with BC application. Changes in leaching at 2.0 m depth with BC additions were about one order of magnitude lower than at other depths, except for P. Biochar applications increased soil solution concentrations and downward movement of nutrients in the root zone and decreased leaching of Ca, Mg, and Sr at 1.2 m, possibly by a combination of retention and crop nutrient uptake.
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“Even with lower N leaching (Major et al. 2010), extractable mineral N may not accumulate in soil, either because of greater plant N uptake (Major et al. 2012) or incorporation in organic N (Güereña et al. 2013).”
From Medium-term effects of corn biochar addition on soil biota activities and functions in a temperate soil cropped to corn (2014) · cites this paper as Major et al. 2012
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Hossain, M. Z., Bahar, M. M., Sarkar, B., Donne, S. W., Ok, Y. S., Palansooriya, K. N., Kirkham, M. B., Chowdhury, S., & Bolan, N. (2020) · Biochar · doi:10.1007/s42773-020-00065-z · Cited by 904
“Biochar addition to a highly alkaline soil decreased soil pH thereby 604 reducing NH3 volatilization (Mandal et al. 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialDoes biochar improve soil water retention? A systematic review and meta-analysis
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Does biochar influence soil physical properties and soil water availability?
Hardie, M. A., Clothier, B., Bound, S., Oliver, G., & Close, D. C. (2013) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-013-1980-x · Cited by 530
“Major et al. (2009) suggested that 95 % of pores within most biochars are less than 0.002 μm diameter; however, biochars have also been shown to contain a large degree of macroporosity in the 1 to 10 μm range (Downie et al. 2009; van Zwieten et al. 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe effects of biochar addition on soil physicochemical properties: A review
Zhang, Y., Wang, J. M., & Feng, Y. (2021) · CATENA · doi:10.1016/j.catena.2021.105284 · Cited by 511
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Environmental Benefits of Biochar
Ippolito, J. A., Laird, D. A., & Busscher, W. J. (2012) · Journal of Environmental Quality · doi:10.2134/jeq2012.0151 · Cited by 428
“Major et al. (2012) studied nutrient leaching in a Columbian Oxisol following a 20 Mg ha−1 biochar application.”
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Haider, G., Steffens, D., Moser, G., Müller, C., & Kammann, C. I. (2017) · Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2016.12.019 · Cited by 334
Biochar application does not improve the soil hydrological function of a sandy soil
Jeffery, S., Meinders, M. B. J., Stoof, C. R., Bezemer, Т. M., van de Voorde, T. F. J., Mommer, L., & van Groenigen, J. W. (2015) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.03.022 · Cited by 334
Impact of biochar properties on soil conditions and agricultural sustainability: A review
Al‐Wabel, M. I., Hussain, Q., Usman, A. R. A., Ahmad, M., Abduljabbar, A., Sallam, A. S., & Ok, Y. S. (2018) · Land Degradation & Development · doi:10.1002/ldr.2829 · Cited by 298
“…of chemical fertilizers and organic amendments (animal manures and compost) is recommended as a means of supplementing the benefits of biochar when used as a soil ameliorator, in order to maximize crop N‐uptake efficiency and facilitate sustainable crop productivity (Major et al., 2012).”
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“Several field studies have shown that the addition of biochar to agricultural soils significantly reduces the soil’s ability to leach N, NO 3 , K, P, Mg, Na, and Ca [90–92].”
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“Some studies have found lower N leaching after biochar additions in both greenhouse and field experiments (Lehmann et al. 2003; Laird et al. 2010b; Major et al. 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialOladele, S. O., Adeyemo, A. J., & Awodun, M. A. (2018) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.08.025 · Cited by 265
Combined effects of biochar and fertilizer applications on yield: A review and meta-analysis
Bai, S. H., Omidvar, N., Gallart, M., Kämper, W., Tahmasbian, I., Farrar, M. B., Singh, K., Zhou, G., Muqaddas, B., Xu, C., et al. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152073 · Cited by 262
Effects of biochar application rate on sandy desert soil properties and sorghum growth
Laghari, M., Mirjat, M. S., Hu, Z., Fazal, S., Xiao, B., Hu, M. H., Chen, Z., & Guo, D. (2015) · CATENA · doi:10.1016/j.catena.2015.08.013 · Cited by 243
“BC has beenmostly applied in conventional arable soils (Laird et al., 2010;Major et al., 2012; Peng et al., 2011); few studies have focused on the use of BC in dry lands (Laghari et al.”
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“biochar has been shown to condition soils, effectively decreasing the bulk density and improving aggregate formation, soil water holding capacity, and nutrient retention (Lehmann et al., 2003; Chan et al., 2008; Karhu et al., 2011; Major et al., 2012).”
BackgroundMethodLiang, J., Li, Y., Si, B., Wang, Y., Chen, X., Wang, X., Chen, H., Wang, H., Zhang, F., Bai, Y., et al. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144802 · Cited by 220
Effects of biochar amendment on rice growth and nitrogen retention in a waterlogged paddy field
Dong, D., Feng, Q., McGrouther, K., Yang, M., Wang, H., & Wu, W. (2015) · Journal of Soils and Sediments · doi:10.1007/s11368-014-0984-3 · Cited by 200
“Major et al. (2012) found that the application of wood biochar at the rate of 20 t ha−1 to a low-fertility, acidic Colombian savanna oxisol led to significant increases in the concentration of NH4 +-”
BackgroundHaider, F. U., Coulter, J. A., Cai, L., Hussain, S., Cheema, S. A., Wu, J., & Zhang, R. (2021) · Pedosphere · doi:10.1016/s1002-0160(20)60094-7 · Cited by 213
Liu, J., Jiang, B., Shen, J., Zhu, X., Wuying, Y., Li, Y., & Wu, J. (2021) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2020.107286 · Cited by 189
Recent developments in biochar as an effective tool for agricultural soil management: a review
Laghari, M., Naidu, R., Xiao, B., Hu, Z., Mirjat, M. S., Hu, M., Kandhro, M. N., Chen, Z., Guo, D., Jogi, Q., et al. (2016) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.7753 · Cited by 187
Domene, X., Mattana, S., Hanley, K., Enders, A., & Lehmann, J. (2014) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.01.035 · Cited by 184
“Significant differences in the rates of the 5, n ¼ 3). may not accumulate in soil, either because of greater plant N uptake (Major et al., 2012) or incorporation inorganic N (Güereña et al., 2013).”
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“The positive results of biochar amendment of agricultural soil include increased soil pH, bulk density, fertility, water-holding capacity, nutrient retention, and aeration capacity [131].”
BackgroundBiochar induced modifications in soil properties and its impacts on crop growth and production
Murtaza, G., Ahmed, Z., Usman, M., Tariq, W., Ullah, Z., Shareef, M., Iqbal, H., Waqas, M. A., Tariq, A., Wu, Y., et al. (2021) · Journal of Plant Nutrition · doi:10.1080/01904167.2021.1871746 · Cited by 176
“(Chan et al. 2008; Major et al. 2012).”
Biochar application as a soil potassium management strategy: A review
Bilias, F., Kalderis, D., Richardson, C., Barbayiannis, N., & Gasparatos, D. (2022) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159782 · Cited by 168
Ma, N., Zhang, L., Zhang, Y., Yang, L., Yu, C., Yin, G., Doane, T. A., Zhi, W., Zhu, P., & Ma, X. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0154091 · Cited by 152
“Major [19] found that addition of biochar produced from wood had no significant effect on either the water holding capacity or the saturated hydraulic conductivity of a clay soil.”
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“2012) as well as decreased leaching of N (Brockhoff et al. 2010; Laird et al. 2010b; Güereña et al. 2012; Major et al. 2012), P andMg (Laird et al.”
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Gao, S., Hoffman-Krull, K., Bidwell, A. L., & DeLuca, T. H. (2016) · Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2016.08.028 · Cited by 141
“…application has been reported in laboratory and greenhouse based studies (Laird et al., 2010; Borchard et al., 2012; Dempster et al., 2012; Ippolito et al., 2012; Kameyama et al., 2012; Yao et al., 2012) and in a few field studies (Major et al., 2012; Güereña et al., 2013; Ventura et al., 2013).”
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Schmidt, H., Pandit, B. H., Cornelissen, G., & Kammann, C. I. (2017) · Land Degradation and Development · doi:10.1002/ldr.2761 · Cited by 129
“Some studies reported reduced N (nitrate) leaching (Major et al., 2011; Ventura et al., 2013; Haider et al., 2016) when biochar was applied to soil combined with mineral or organic N fertilizer.”
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Standard Extraction Methods May Underestimate Nitrate Stocks Captured by Field‐Aged Biochar
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“This is consistent with other studies observing increased NO3 export from biochar-amended soils (Laird et al., 2010; Major et al., 2012; Singh and Hatton, 2010).”
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“The reduction of N leaching following biochar amendment has been reported in previous studies on highly weathered subtropical or tropical soils (Lehman et al. 2003; Steiner et al. 2008; Larid et al. 2010; Singh et al. 2010; Kameyama et al. 2012; Major et al. 2012) and on Chinese sandy silt cropland soil (Ding et al.”
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“Effect of biochar amendment on soil physicochemical properties Improvements in soil physicochemical properties, such as bulk density, pH, SOC, and TN, due to biochar amendment have been reported (Zhang et al. 2012; Farrell et al. 2013; Major et al. 2012; He et al. 2016; Chen et al. 2017).”
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“E-mail: pangenxing@aliyun.com; gxpan1@hotmail.com Received 24 December 2015; revised version accepted 13 August 2016 and water retention, and reduced the leaching of nutrients (Major et al., 2012).”
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Biochars impact on water infiltration and water quality through a compacted subsoil layer
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“Many studies have reported that biochar incorporation could reduce inorganic N leaching and increase N retention in the soil (Major et al., 2012; Sun et al., 2017; Yao et al., 2012).”
BackgroundHe, C., He, X., Li, J., Luo, Y., Li, J., Pei, Y., & Jiang, J. (2021) · Journal of environmental chemical engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jece.2021.106075 · Cited by 96
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“More recently, research has focused a great deal of attention on the use of biochar in highly weathered systems (e.g., Lehmann et al., 2003; Glaser et al., 2004; Novak et al., 2009; Hass et al., 2012; Major et al., 2012; Schomberg et al., 2012).”
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RetractedEffects of biochar on earthworms in arable soil: avoidance test and field trial in boreal loamy sand
Tammeorg, P., Parviainen, T., Nuutinen, V., Simojoki, A., Vaara, E. M., & Helenius, J. (2014) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2014.02.023 · Cited by 91
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“Contrary to our results, several other previous studies reported the additions of biochar increased or have no effect on saturated hydraulic conductivity (Asai et al. 2009; Kameyama et al. 2012; Major et al. 2012).”
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Can Phosphate Salts Recovered from Manure Replace Conventional Phosphate Fertilizer?
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“Biochar application may promote root development [37] through improved soil structure, resulting in more efficient nutrient uptake from the P-Salt and thus better crop development [38].”
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Mechanisms of biochar effects on thermal properties of red soil in south China
Liu, Z., Xu, J., Li, X., & Wang, J. (2018) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.02.045 · Cited by 84
Influence of Biochar on Soil Nutrient Transformations, Nutrient Leaching, and Crop Yield
DeLuca, T. H. (2016) · Advances in Plants & Agriculture Research · doi:10.15406/apar.2016.04.00150 · Cited by 85
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Li, X., Yao, S., Wang, Z., Jiang, X., Song, Y., & Chang, S. X. (2022) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120433 · Cited by 78
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Ibrahim, M. A., Khan, S. A., Hao, X., & Li, G. (2016) · International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s13762-016-1081-5 · Cited by 75
“These increases in accumulation of nutrients in alfalfa may be due to the improved soil fertility and nutrients in RHBamended soil (Major et al. 2012) because biochar increases beneficial nutrients in soil solution and then their accumulation in plants (Martinsen et al. 2014).”
BackgroundBashir, A., Rizwan, M., Ali, S., Adrees, M., Zia‐ur‐Rehman, M., & Qayyum, M. F. (2020) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-020-08739-8 · Cited by 74
“There are several organic amendments which can reduce availability of heavy metals to crops (Buss et al. 2012; Major et al. 2012; Rizwan et al. 2016).”
BackgroundEffects of three different biochars amendment on water retention of silty loam and loamy soils
Günal, E., Erdem, H., & Çelik, İ. (2018) · Agricultural Water Management · doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2018.06.004 · Cited by 79
Blanco‐Canqui, H. (2018) · Journal of Environmental Quality · doi:10.2134/jeq2018.06.0248 · Cited by 77
Yu, L., Lu, X., He, Y., Brookes, P. C., Liao, H., & Xu, J. M. (2016) · Journal of Soils and Sediments · doi:10.1007/s11368-016-1447-9 · Cited by 72
Guo, Y., Tang, H., Li, G. D., & Xie, D. (2013) · Water Air & Soil Pollution · doi:10.1007/s11270-013-1820-x · Cited by 70
“In a study with Colombian savanna Oxisol, Major et al. (2012) claimed that biochar applications could increase soil solution concentrations and decrease leaching of Ca and Mg at 1.2 m, possibly by a combination of retention and crop nutrient uptake.”
BackgroundInfluentialSoil Health, Crop Productivity, Microbial Transport, and Mine Spoil Response to Biochars
Novak, J. M., Ippolito, J. A., Lentz, R. D., Spokas, K. A., Bolster, C. H., Sistani, K. R., Trippe, K. M., Phillips, C. L., & Johnson, M. G. (2016) · BioEnergy Research · doi:10.1007/s12155-016-9720-8 · Cited by 76
“[55] reported no significant change in Ksat for biochar applied to loam- and clay-textured soils, respectively.”
BackgroundImproving physical properties of degraded soil: Potential of poultry manure and biochar
Are, K. S., Adelana, A. O., Fademi, I. O., & Aina, O. A. (2017) · Agriculture and Natural Resources · doi:10.1016/j.anres.2018.03.009 · Cited by 70
Rivelli, A. R., & Libutti, A. (2022) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy12092089 · Cited by 71
Xiao, K., Li, Y., Sun, Y., Liu, R., Li, J., Zhao, Y. F., & Xu, H. Y. (2017) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.7b09520 · Cited by 65
Zhao, Y., Zhao, L., Mei, Y., Li, F., & Cao, X. (2018) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-017-0668-9 · Cited by 66
“In another study, Major et al. (2012) showed that leaching of K, Ca, and Mg were all increased by biochar application to a Typic Haplustox clay soil.”
BackgroundBiochar vs. clay: Comparison of their effects on nutrient retention of a tropical Arenosol
Beusch, C., Cierjacks, A., Böhm, J., Mertens, J., Bischoff, W.-A., de Araújo Filho, J. C., & Kaupenjohann, M. (2019) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.09.043 · Cited by 65
Carvalho, M. T. D. M., Madari, B. E., Bastiaans, L., van Oort, P. A. J., Leal, W. G. D. O., Heinemann, A. B., Silva, M. A. S. D., Maia, A. D. H. N., Parsons, D., & Meinke, H. (2016) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.04.013 · Cited by 64
Bashir, A., Zia‐ur‐Rehman, M., Hussaini, K. M., Adrees, M., Qayyum, M. F., Sayal, A. U., Rizwan, M., Ali, S., Alsahli, A. A., & Alyemeni, M. N. (2021) · Environmental Technology & Innovation · doi:10.1016/j.eti.2021.101518 · Cited by 60
Ali, L., Xiukang, W., Naveed, M., Ashraf, S., Nadeem, S. M., Haider, F. U., & Mustafa, A. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app112411666 · Cited by 69
Adekiya, A. O., Agbede, T. M., Ejue, W. S., Aboyeji, C. M., Dunsin, O., Aremu, C., Owolabi, A. O., Ajiboye, B. O., Okunlola, F. O., & Adesola, O. O. (2020) · Open Agriculture · doi:10.1515/opag-2020-0004 · Cited by 65
“Leaching of nutrients can result to exhaustion of soil nutrients, speed up soil acidification, increase cost of fertilizers to farmers and reduce yield (Lehmann et al. 2003; Major et al. 2012).”
BackgroundLiu, Y., Li, J., Jiao, X., Li, H., Hu, T., Jiang, H., & Mahmoud, A. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152063 · Cited by 57
Farkas, É., Feigl, V., Gruiz, K., Vaszita, E., Fekete‐Kertész, I., Tolner, M., Kerekes, I. K., Pusztai, É., Kari, A., Uzinger, N., et al. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138988 · Cited by 61
Xia, H., Wang, J., Riaz, M., Babar, S., Li, Y., Wang, X., Xia, X., Liu, B., & Jiang, C. (2024) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.143211 · Cited by 60
Subedi, R., Kammann, C. I., Pelissetti, S., Taupe, N., Bertora, C., Monaco, S., & Grignani, C. (2015) · European Journal of Soil Science · doi:10.1111/ejss.12302 · Cited by 60
“Some studies have shown that biochar can reduce the leaching of N (Major et al., 2012), and others that immobilization of nitrogen might result from the use of biochars with large C:N ratios and large surface areas (De Luca et al., 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialCarbon neutral expansion of oil palm plantations in the Neotropics
Quezada, J. C., Etter, A., Ghazoul, J., Buttler, A., & Guillaume, T. (2019) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaw4418 · Cited by 59
“01N NaOH after adding phenolphthalein to the extract (66).”
BackgroundHaque, A. N. A., Uddin, M. K., Sulaiman, M. F., Amin, A. M., Hossain, M., Aziz, A. A., & Mosharrof, M. (2021) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy11081529 · Cited by 59
“[72] observed that, due to the addition of wood biochar, the leaching of K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and NO3 decreased 31%, 14%, 22% and 2%, respectively.”
BackgroundHardwood biochar and manure co-application to a calcareous soil
Ippolito, J. A., Stromberger, M. E., Lentz, R. D., & Dungan, R. S. (2015) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.05.039 · Cited by 57
Wiersma, W., van der Ploeg, M. J., Sauren, I. J. M. H., & Stoof, C. R. (2020) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114209 · Cited by 61
Shi, G., Wu, Y., Li, T., Fu, Q., & Wei, Y. (2022) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115902 · Cited by 57
Bakshi, S., He, Z. L., & Harris, W. G. (2014) · Journal of Environmental Quality · doi:10.2134/jeq2014.05.0213 · Cited by 54
“A study of biochar application on a highly weathered tropical Oxisol (Major et al., 2012) showed that leaching of inorganic nutrients such as N, Ca, Mg, and K increased to a soil depth of 0.”
BackgroundNguyen, B. T., Phan, B. T., Tòng, N. X., Nguyễn, V. N., Tran, T. V., & Bach, Q. (2019) · Journal of Soils and Sediments · doi:10.1007/s11368-019-02366-8 · Cited by 55
Dong, X., Singh, B. P., Li, G., Lin, Q., & Zhao, X. (2018) · Soil Use and Management · doi:10.1111/sum.12474 · Cited by 53
“This result was in line with Major et al. (2012) and Herath, Camps- Arbestain, and Hedley (2013), who also found soil water content was not affected by biochar one or 2 years after biochar application.”
Result
Metadata
- Authors
- Major, J., Rondon, M., Molina, D., Riha, S. J., & Lehmann, J.
- Affiliations
- Cornell University (US)
- Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), A.A.; 6713 Cali Colombia
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CO)
- Corresponding author
- Lehmann, Johannes
- Venue
- Journal of Environmental Quality
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-07
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1076-1086
- ISSN
- 0047-2425 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2005588303
- Cited by
- 261
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 29.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Environmental Quality (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CGSPace A Repository of Agricultural Research Outputs (Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Canada Graduate Scholarship from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences at Cornell University
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Soil and Unsaturated Flow
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Soil and Water Nutrient Dynamics
- Keywords
- biochar, nutrient leaching, Oxisol, savanna soils, soil pore water, hydraulic conductivity, soil water retention, inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, potassium, strontium, maize, soybean, mineral fertilization, soil hydrology
- MeSH terms
- Charcoal, Colombia, Zea mays, Environmental Monitoring, Soil, Glycine max, Time Factors, Water, Water Movements, Ecosystem, Plant Roots
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