Water quality characteristics of discharge from reforested loose-dumped mine spoil in Eastern Kentucky
Abstract
Surface mining is a common method for extracting coal in the coal fields of eastern Kentucky. Using the Forestry Reclamation Approach (FRA), which emphasizes the use of minimally compacted or loose-dumped spoil as a growth medium for trees, reclamation practitioners are successfully reestablishing forests. Yet, questions remain regarding the effects FRA has on the quality of waters discharged to receiving streams. To examine the effect of FRA on water quality, this study compared waters that were discharged from three types of spoils: predominantly brown, weathered sandstone (BROWN); predominantly gray, unweathered sandstone (GRAY); and an equal mixture of both aforementioned sandstones and shale (MIXED). The water quality parameters pH, EC, Ca, K, Mg, Na, NO-N, NH-N, SO, Cl, TC, suspended sediment concentration (SSC), settleable solids (SS), and turbidity were monitored over a 2-yr period on six 0.4-ha plots (two replications per spoil type). Generally, levels of Cl, SO, Ca, NO-N, NH-N, SS, SSC, and turbidity decreased over time. The pH for all spoils increased from about 7.5 to 8.5. The EC remained relatively level in the BROWN spoil, whereas the GRAY and MIXED spoils had downward trajectories that were approaching 500 μS cm. The value of 500 μS cm has been reported as the apparent threshold at which certain taxa such as Ephemeroptera (e.g., Mayfly) recolonize disturbed headwater streams of eastern Kentucky and adjacent coal-producing Appalachian states.
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Elevated Ca in Gray and Mixed is related to weathering of calcium-rich carbonate minerals, such as calcite, which are abundant in these spoils.
“Elevated Ca in Gray and Mixed, relative to Brown and Shale, is related to weathering of calcium-rich carbonate minerals, such as calcite, which are abundant in these spoils [20], and is consistent with observed weathering patterns.”
From Spoil Type Influences Soil Genesis and Forest Development on an Appalachian Surface Coal Mine Ten Years after Placement (2018) · cites this paper as [20]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Agouridis, C. T., Angel, P. N., Taylor, T. J., Barton, C. D., Warner, R. C., Yu, X., & Wood, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Kentucky (US)
- United States Department of the Interior (US)
- Stantec (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Agouridis, Carmen T.
- Venue
- Journal of Environmental Quality
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-03
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 454-468
- ISSN
- 0047-2425 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-2537
- OpenAlex
- W2083300985
- Cited by
- 49
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 4.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Environmental Quality (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Energy (DE‐FC26‐02NT41624)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Mine drainage and remediation techniques
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Water Quality and Resources Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Water Quality and Pollution Assessment
- Keywords
- surface coal mining, mine reclamation, stream water quality, shale, electrical conductivity, suspended sediment, turbidity, nitrogen, chloride, pH, eastern Kentucky coalfields, headwater streams
- MeSH terms
- Electric Conductivity, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Industrial Waste, Kentucky, Mining, Trees, Water, Water Quality
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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