Fiscal Transfers to Immigrants in Canada: Responding to Critics and a Revised Estimate

May combine two claims.

After the immigration ramp-up was largely completed in 1991, the annual level of immigrants settled was 231,000, much higher than the average of 138,000 during 1950-1986.

“After the ramp-up was largely completed in 1991, the annual level of immigrants settled was 231,000, much higher than the average of 138,000 during the period 1950 and 1986.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Major disagreements with J&P are only over the three spending categories shown in table 3.

“There are major disagreements with J&P only over the three spending categories shown in table 3 of our original study on the relative amounts of benefits received by immigrants and other Canadians.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In table 2, the figure in column 1, line 5 should be $488 rather than $960.

“As a result, in table 2, the figure found in column 1, line 5 should be $488 rather than $960.”

May combine two claims.

The annual fiscal burden imposed by the average recent immigrant on the taxpayers of Canada in the new estimate is $6,329, or $278 more than estimated in the original study.

“As can be seen, the annual fiscal burden imposed by the average recent immigrant on the taxpayers of Canada in our new estimate is $6,329, or $278 more than we had estimated it to be in our original study.”

May combine two claims.

The difference of $472 due to this adjustment implies that the overall fiscal burden imposed on other Canadians through their lower tax payment falls from $6,161 to $5,689, a drop of 7.7 percent.

“The difference of $472 due to this adjustment implies that the overall fiscal burden imposed on other Canadians through their lower tax payment falls from $6,161 to $5,689, a drop of 7.7 percent.”

May combine two claims.

For females, the corresponding income percentages across all levels of education are higher than those for males; immigrant females with a bachelor's degree average 84.2 percent of Canadian-born counterparts.

“The second half of table 8 shows corresponding figures for females, which across all levels of education are higher than those for males. The incomes of immigrant females with a bachelor's degree average 84.2 percent of Canadian-born counterparts.”

May combine two claims.

In table 8, for the lowest level of education, the average incomes of visible minority second-generation males is 57.1 percent of the average incomes of Canadian-born males; it is 74.1 percent for those with a degree above the bachelor's; intermediate levels are in the mid-sixties.

“As can be seen in table 8, for the lowest level of education, the average incomes of visible minority second-generation males is 57.1 percent of the average incomes of Canadian-born males. It is 74.1 percent for those with a degree above the bachelor's. For intermediate levels of education the percentage figures are in the mid-sixties.”

May combine two claims.

At the present rate of about 250,000 new immigrants per year, in 10 years there will be 2.5 million new Canadians demanding medical care, which translates into the need for 5,329 additional physicians.

“At the present rate of about 250,000 new immigrants every year, in 10 years there will be 2.5 million new Canadians demanding medical care. Since the average Canadian physician takes care of 470 patients, this demand translates into the need for 5,329 additional physicians”

May combine two claims.

There are significant differences in the earnings of second-generation immigrants by countries, with those from Japan and China dominating in all categories.

“Noteworthy are also significant differences in the earnings of secondgeneration immigrants by countries. Those from Japan and China dominate in all categories.”

May combine two claims.

An Arranged Employment Offer increases employment earnings by 74% in the landing year, with the gap decreasing by 9% every subsequent year.

“Increases employment earnings by 74% on the landing year;”

• Also stated in: § 7 New immigrant selection criteria for Federal Skilled Workers (FSW) · plain

  “The gap decreases by 9% every subsequent year;”

• cites Riddell (2010)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Language proficiency, work experience, and desirable levels of age and education all contribute to the likely success of immigrants who have not benefitted from arranged employment offers.

“As the data show, language proficiency, work experience, as well as desirable levels of age and education, all contribute to the likely success of immigrants who have not benefitted from arranged employment offers.”

• cites Riddell (2010)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The effect of language points peaks for those who have obtained between 16-20 points, corresponding to 38% to 39% higher earnings.

“The effect peaks for those who have obtained between 16-20 points, which correspond to 38% to 39% higher earnings;”

• cites Riddell (2010)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The present system for the selection of immigrants in Canada admitted a cohort of immigrants from 1987-2004 that imposed a fiscal burden on other Canadians valued at more than $6,000 per immigrant, about $16 billion in 2006 and about $23 billion in 2011.

“Mohsen Javdani and Krishna Pendakur challenged t he findings of our study that the present system for the selection of immigrants in Canada has admitted a cohort of immigrants from 1987-2004 that imposed a fiscal burden on other Canadians valued at more than $6,000 per immigrant about $16 billion in 2006 and about $23 billion in 2011.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The 2004 and 2005 arrival cohorts selected under the IRPA regime had higher employment rates than those selected under the pre-IRPA regime.

“2004 and 2005 arrival cohorts selected under IRPA regime had higher employment rates than those selected under pre-IRPA regime.”

• cites Riddell (2010)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

J&P considered 10% of total government spending to involve 'pure public goods' such as defence, the consumption of which by immigrants is alleged to occur at zero cost to Canadians.

“Second, they considered 10% of total government spending to involve 'pure public goods' such as defence, the consumption of which by immigrants is alleged to occur at zero cost to Canadians.”

• cites J&P, 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Statistics Canada data show that for females without university degrees, the average immigrant female earned 86% of the average Canadian female in 1980, declining to 56% in 2005.

“the 1980 census showed that the average immigrant female earned 86 percent of the amount earned by the average Canadian female. In the later censuses of 1990, 2000, and 2005, these percentage figures declined steadily to only 56 percent in the latest census.”

• cites Statistics Canada, 2008Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

J&P used a complex and poorly explained statistical algorithm to conclude that the average recent immigrant pays virtually the same amount of real estate taxes as the average Canadian (99.8 percent).

“They used a complex and poorly explained statistical algorithm to arrive at the dubious conclusion that the average recent immigrant pays virtually the same amount of real estate taxes as does the average Canadian (99.8 percent).”

• cites J&PNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Between 2008 and 2010, the unemployment rate of very recent immigrants rose from 11.0% to 14.7% while that of Canadian-born workers rose from 4.6% to 6.1%.

“It rose from 11.0 percent to 14.7 percent while that of Canadian-born workers rose only from 4.6 percent to 6.1 percent.”

• cites Andrew Jackson (2011)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Statistics Canada (2003) found that in 1980 Canadian-born male workers aged 30-54 earned $51,300 while immigrant men of the same age who had arrived in the preceding five years earned $45,500, a gap of $5,800; in 2000 the inflation-adjusted gap was $12,300.

“in 1980 Canadianborn male workers between the ages of 30 to 54 earned $51,300 while immigrant men of the same age who had arrived during the preceding five years had earnings of $45,500. The gap in earnings in favour of Canadian-born males was $5,800.”

• Also stated in: § Average incomes before and after 1986: Statistics Canada · plain

  “the same calculation for the year 2000 showed an inflation-adjusted gap of $12,300.”

• cites Statistics Canada (2003)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Between 2008 and 2010, average hourly earnings of recent immigrants in Canada less than five years rose by 6 cents while those of Canadian-born workers rose by $1.32.

“between 2008 and 2010 the average hourly earnings of recent immigrants in the country less than five years rose by only 6 cents while those of Canadian-born workers rose by $1.32.”

• cites Andrew Jackson (2011)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

J&P's pure public goods adjustment is invalid because pure public goods are not quantitatively significant in the longer run.

“and the second because pure public goods are not quantitatively significant in the longer run.”

May combine two claims.

Including earlier, more successful pre-1987 immigrants raises the average incomes and tax payments of all immigrants and thus reduces the estimated fiscal burden produced by recent immigrants.

“Their inclusion of the earlier, more successful, pre-1987 immigrants in the analysis is important because it raises the average incomes and tax payments of all immigrants and thus reduces the estimated fiscal burden that is produced by the group classified as recent immigrants.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

J&P's alternative estimate of the fiscal burden was $450 per immigrant.

“Later that year, Mohsen Javdani and Krishna Pendakur from the economics department at Simon Fraser University (J&P hereafter) presented an alternative estimate of this fiscal burden of $450.”

• Also stated in: § Introduction · plain

  “Mohsen Javdani and Krishna Pendakur (2011-J&P hereafter) present an alternative estimate of this fiscal burden of $450.”

• cites J&P, 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Immigrants are not subject to discrimination that is responsible for their low productivity and that could be ended easily through public information.

“and are not subject to discrimination that is responsible for their low productivity that could be ended easily through public information.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

J&P cite data showing that recent immigrants use fewer housing subsidies than Canadians, but earlier immigrants are recorded as using more such subsidies than Canadians.

“In another part of their paper J&P cite data, which show that recent immigrants use fewer housing subsidies than Canadians but neglect to note that in this same study, earlier immigrants are recorded as using more such subsidies than Canadians.”

• cites J&P, 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In J&P's study, immigrants (the 1970-2004 cohort) had average incomes 89% of other Canadians.

“Both studies found that immigrants have average incomes below the average Canadian, 72 percent according to our study, 89 percent according to J&P.”

• Also stated in: § 1 The main cause of the difference in estimates · hedged

  “while J&P estimated it to be 89 percent.”

• cites J&P, 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

J&P cite data showing that immigrants absorb more publicly financed education than Canadians, which implies that G&G had underestimated the size of the fiscal transfers going to immigrants.

“J&P cite data, which show that immigrants absorb more of these services than Canadians, which implies that we had underestimated the size of the fiscal transfers going to immigrants.”

• cites J&P, 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Statistics Canada (2008) found that in 1980 recent immigrant men earned 85 cents per dollar received by Canadian-born men; in 2000 the figure was 67 cents; by 2005 it had dropped to 63 cents.

“In 1980, recent immigrant men... earned 85 cents for each dollar received by Canadianborn men... the corresponding number was 67 cents in 2000... (and) by 2005, the ratio had dropped to 63 cents”

• cites Statistics Canada, 2008Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

For immigrant cohorts arriving after 1979, relative earnings in the first five years and later years became smaller for every subsequent cohort, except that the 1995-1999 cohort had incomes above the 1990-1994 cohort.

“The lines below trace the income percentages for cohorts that arrived after 1979. As can be seen, these percentages became smaller for every subsequent cohort during their first five years after arrival and remained so in the later years-except for the 1995-1999 cohort, which had incomes above those of the 1990-1994 cohort”

• cites Picot and Sweetman (2011)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Picot and Sweetman (2011) found that the 1975-1979 immigrant cohort earned about 85% of comparable Canadians in the first five years after arrival, rising to about 98% after 21-25 years.

“During the first five years after arrival, this cohort earned about 85 percent of what Canadians earned. This percentage increased through time and reached about 98 percent after the immigrants had been in Canada for 21-25 years.”

• cites Picot and Sweetman (2011)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Table 6 shows data that provide the main basis for the authors' findings that recent immigrants impose a substantial fiscal burden on all Canadians.

“Table 6 shows data that provide the main basis for our findings that recent immigrants impose a substantial fiscal burden on all Canadians.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

J&P's results are based on immigrants tending to settle in big cities where real estate prices and taxes are much higher than average, while relatively few live in low-tax areas.

“Their results are based on the fact that immigrants tend to settle in big cities, where real estate prices and taxes are much higher than the average in the rest of the country, while relatively few live in other parts of the country where taxes are low.”

• cites J&PNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The authors accept that they did not use exactly the right group for comparison and now use group (5) as the base for comparison with group (2).

“However, in response to the criticism by J&P we accept that we did not use exactly the right group for comparison and now use group (5), which in our view is most appropriate, as the base for comparison with group (2) in table 5.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Average real estate taxes paid by immigrants in big cities are equal to the average paid by other Canadians in the big city and the rest of Canada combined.

“As a result, the average real estate taxes paid by the immigrants living mainly in these big cities are so high that they are equal to the average paid by other Canadians in the big city and the rest of Canada combined.”

• cites J&PNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Given the focus on recent immigrants, the correct group is actually (5), not (3), which includes 627,458 records.

“They are right that we did not use the correct group, but, given that our focus is on recent immigrants, the correct group is actually (5), not (3) , which includes 627,458 records.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The authors reject J&P's revision for Protection of Persons and Property because they consider the use of the longer cohort inappropriate for their purposes.

“Their specific adjustment if adopted by us would actually increase the fiscal burden imposed by immigrants slightly, but since we consider the use of the longer cohort to be inappropriate for our purposes of analysis, we reject the revision suggested by J&P.”

May combine two claims.

The increase in the estimated fiscal burden is largely due to the use of information on higher enrolment of immigrant children in educational institutions supplied by J&P and by the use of the more appropriate population base excluding recent immigrants arriving between 1987 and 2004.

“This increase is largely due to the use of information on higher enrolment of immigrant children in educational institutions supplied by J&P and by the use of the more appropriate population base (excluding recent immigrants arriving between 1987 and 2004) with which recent immigrants are compared.”

• cites J&PNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Immigrants impose above-normal costs on law enforcement because law enforcement agents need to deal with ethnic gangs in some urban centres.

“This effect arises, for example, from the need facing teachers and school boards to spend more per immigrant student to meet their needs for language training and help with acculturation; from the need facing law enforcement agents to deal with ethnic gangs in some urban centres; and from the need facing health care providers to deal with immigrants that have had little modern health care in their”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The magnitude of any benefits from highly-skilled immigrants increasing the productivity of unskilled Canadian-born workers is open to question, given the low quality of many allegedly highly-skilled immigrants and the large number of low-skilled immigrants needing supervision.

“The magnitude of any such benefits is open to question, given the low quality of many of the allegedly highly-skilled immigrants referred to above and the large number of immigrants with low skills that need supervision.”

May combine two claims.

The new estimates confirm the validity of the authors' most basic findings: Canada's immigrant selection policies result in the imposition of a significant fiscal burden on taxpayers, including past immigrants, which will continue to grow, reduce living standards, and hamper economic growth unless the existing policies are changed.

“They thus confirm the validity of our most basic findings: Canada's immigrant selection policies result in the imposition of a significant fiscal burden on taxpayers, including past immigrants, which will continue to grow, reduce living standards, and hamper economic growth unless the existing policies are changed .”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The costs to Canadians from government spending on health, education, and public protection are increased because immigrants impose above-normal costs.

“The costs to Canadians resulting from such spending are increased because immigrants impose above-normal costs.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: There is much government spending that does not involve pure public goods but has important public goods aspects, such as spending on health, education, and public protection.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Employer reluctance to hire graduates with first and professional degrees from universities in developing countries may be motivated more by rational considerations rather than by discrimination based on ethnicity.

“These considerations imply that employer reluctance to hire graduates with first and professional degrees from universities in developing countries may be motivated more by rational considerations rather than by discrimination based on ethnicity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Language deficiencies among recent immigrants with Chinese, Indian, and Pakistani names are beyond dispute, as evidenced by substantial and costly government programs designed to relieve them.

“That these language deficiencies are beyond dispute is evidenced by the existence of substantial and costly government programs designed to relieve them.”

May combine two claims.

Potential employers avoid the cost of interviewing job applicants likely to have language deficiencies and prefer applicants who do not, because such deficiencies are not eliminated under present immigrant selection policies.

“Until such deficiencies are eliminated-and that is a never-ending job under present immigrant selection policies which brings in large numbers of new immigrants every year suffering from the same handicaps-it is easy to understand why potential employers avoid the cost of interviewing job applicants that are likely to have language deficiencies and go for applicants that do not.”

May combine two claims.

In today's world of free trade and low transportation and communication costs, the benefits from economies of scale and scope are already available to Canadian producers through exports and to consumers through imports.

“We disagree that immigrants are needed to reap the benefits from economies of scale and scope because, in today's world of free trade and low costs of transportation and communication, these benefits are already available to Canadian producers through exports and to consumers through imports.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Immigrants impose above-normal costs on health care because health care providers need to deal with immigrants that have had little modern health care in their native countries.

“This effect arises, for example, from the need facing teachers and school boards to spend more per immigrant student to meet their needs for language training and help with acculturation; from the need facing law enforcement agents to deal with ethnic gangs in some urban centres; and from the need facing health care providers to deal with immigrants that have had little modern health care in their”

May combine two claims.

These labour market practices involve rational decision making, not discrimination based on socially repulsive motives.

“These labour market practices involve rational decision making, not discrimination based on socially repulsive motives.”

May combine two claims.

The effect of immigration on bilateral trade is unlikely to be large for exports because over three-quarters of Canada's exports went to the United States and natural resources provided the bulk of non-US exports.

“However, we doubt that this effect can possibly be large for exports, given that over three-quarters of Canada's exports went to the United States over the period in question and natural resources provided the bulk of non-US exports.”

May combine two claims.

The two main studies available found that the increase in trade resulting from immigration was very small, consisted mainly of increased imports of consumer items from newcomers' countries of origin, and therefore had a negative effect on Canada's balance of trade.

“It is thus not surprising that the two main studies available confirm this view, finding that the increase in trade resulting from immigration was not only very small but consisted mainly of an increase in imports of consumer items from the newcomers' countries of origin and therefore had a negative effect on our balance of trade (Head and Reis, 1998; Partridge and Furtan, 2008).”

• cites Head and Reis, 1998Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Partridge and Furtan, 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Immigrants impose above-normal costs on education because teachers and school boards need to spend more per immigrant student for language training and acculturation.

“This effect arises, for example, from the need facing teachers and school boards to spend more per immigrant student to meet their needs for language training and help with acculturation; from the need facing law enforcement agents to deal with ethnic gangs in some urban centres; and from the need facing health care providers to deal with immigrants that have had little modern health care in their”

May combine two claims.

Assuming their numbers were not changed by mortality and other factors and that their economic record is the same as that of the 1987-2004 cohort, the approximately 1.5 million immigrants who arrived between 2005 and 2010 will have added another $9.5 billion to the $17 billion noted above, for a total of $26 billion in 2011.

“Assuming that their numbers were not changed by mortality and other factors and that their economic record is the same as that of the 1987-2004 cohort, in the year 2011, they will have added another $9.5 billion to the $17 billion noted above, for a total of $26 billion.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: For the projection of immigrants arriving between 2005 and 2010, their numbers were not changed by mortality and other factors and their economic record is the same as that of the 1987-2004 cohort.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Between 2005 and 2010 approximately another 1.5 million immigrants arrived in Canada.

May combine two claims.

If the authors' proposal for reform were adopted, it would result in reduced fiscal burdens and much fewer labour shortages.

“Such a reduction would almost certainly take place if our proposal for reform were adopted and resulted in not only reduce d fiscal burdens, but also much fewer labour shortages.”

May combine two claims.

Higher wages would induce employers to substitute capital and new technology to save on labour and allow employers to pay the higher wages without a loss of profits.

“Importantly, these higher wages would induce employers to substitute capital and new technology to save on labour and allow employers to pay the higher wages without a loss of profits.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Much of the present and future labour shortages are due to immigrants who increase the demand for market goods and services and housing, along with the need to build and staff hospitals, schools, and infrastructure.

“In our paper, we raised the concern that much of the present and future labour shortages are due to the immigrants who increase the demand for market goods and services and housing, along with the need to build and staff hospitals, schools, and infrastructure like roads and sanitation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The main advocates for more immigrants to fill job vacancies are Canadian employers, whose motivation is that immigrants keep wages down, raising profits and allowing avoidance of investment in training and labour-saving capital and technology.

“The main advocates for more immigrants to fill job vacancies are Canadian employers. It is easy to understand their motivation. The immigrants keep wages down, which raises their profits and allows them to avoid the need to invest in the training of Canadian-born workers and labour saving capital and technology.”

May combine two claims.

Higher wages would induce more Canadians to join the labour force and increase the labour force participation rate.

“At the same time, the higher wages that the employers would be able to pay would induce more Canadians to join the labour force and thus increase the labour force participation rate.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The availability of an excess supply of foreign professionals means that the government is not required to increase the number of university places for Canadians wanting to enter these fields.

“The availability of an excess supply of foreign professionals means that the government is not required to increase the number of places in universities for Canadians wanting to enter these fields.”

May combine two claims.

Implicit subsidies to employers occur at a significant cost to society as a whole because they prevent substitution of capital and technology for labour, leading to lower productivity increases, which have been the driving force behind growth in Canadian living standards.

“Second, and most importantly, the implicit subsidies to employers occur at a significant cost to society as a whole. Because the subsidies prevent the substitution of capital and technology for labour, there are lower productivity increases, which throughout history have been the driving force behind the growth in Canadian living standards.”

May combine two claims.

The fiscal burden imposed on all Canadians by the current immigrant selection process is caused by the poor economic performance of recent immigrants and the characteristics of the welfare state.

“Our analysis of the hidden cost of the current immigrant selection process is not designed to stop all immigration, but to avoid the fiscal burden it imposes on all Canadians, which is caused by the poor economic performance of recent immigrants and the characteristics of the welfare state.”

May combine two claims.

The alleged need for immigrants to fill jobs Canadians do not want or are not trained for is built on shaky assumptions and meeting it has an important adverse consequence for Canada's labour productivity and living standards.

“In our paper, we dealt with this alleged need for immigrants and concluded that it is built on shaky assumptions and that meeting it has an important adverse consequence for Canada's labour productivity and living standards.”

May combine two claims.

Under the authors' proposal, there would be no labour market shortages and the market adjustments would not take place.

“There would be no labour market shortages and the market adjustments would not take place.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The benefits employers derive from immigration policies exist only in the short run because competition from within and outside Canada tends to wipe out extra profits and can only delay adjustments required to accommodate changing global patterns of comparative advantage.

“First, the benefits they derive exist only in the short run. As is the case with all government subsidies, competition from within and outside of Canada tends to wipe out all extra profits and can only delay adjustments required to accommodate changing global patterns of comparative advantage.”

May combine two claims.

Under the authors' proposal (admission conditional on a job offer at a specified minimum pay), immigrants with low skills and pay would be excluded and the labour market adjustments the authors analyzed would take place in response to the resulting job vacancies.

“Under our proposal, immigrants with low skills and pay would be excluded and the labour market adjustments we analyzed would take place in response to the resultant job vacancies.”

May combine two claims.

The most important changes in selection criteria under IRPA involved giving more points for general education, language proficiency, and work experience, and reducing or eliminating those given for occupation and specific vocational preparation.

“The most important and major changes involved gives more points for general education, language proficiency, and work experience; and reduced or eliminated those given for occupation and specific vocational preparation.”

• cites Begin et al. (2010)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The lower economic success of the 1987-2004 cohort was mainly because their numbers were substantially larger and invariant to economic cycles and because they had been selected by applying more aggressively several important new selection policies adopted in the preceding decade.

“mainly because their numbers were substantially larger and invariant to economic cycles and they had been selected by applying more aggressively several important new selection policies that had been adopted in the preceding decade.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The current immigrant selection system could be simplified and made more efficient by relying exclusively on applicants' holding pre-arranged employment offers.

“These results suggest to us that the current immigrant selection system could be simplified and made more efficient by relying exclusively on applicants' holding pre-arranged employment offers, as we had suggested in our original paper.”