Validity and reliability of the research instrument; How to test the validation of a questionnaire/survey in a research
Open accessIntegrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Cites
Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.2307/3151312 · Cited by 109,314 · see citing works
Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1177/002224378101800104 · Cited by 109,190 · see citing works
A QUANTITATIVE APPROACH TO CONTENT VALIDITY<sup>1</sup>
LAWSHE, C. H. (1975) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1975.tb01393.x · Cited by 7,313 · see citing works
Reliability and Validity Assessment
Carmines, E., & Zeller, R. (1979) · doi:10.4135/9781412985642 · Cited by 5,884 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Heredia, J., Castillo-Vergara, M., Geldes, C., Carbajal Gamarra, F. M., Flores, A., & Heredia, W. (2022) · Journal of Innovation & Knowledge · doi:10.1016/j.jik.2022.100171 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
Mat Nawi, F. A., A.Tambi, A. M., Samat, M. F., & Mustapha, W. M. W. (2020) · Asian People Journal (APJ) · doi:10.37231/apj.2020.3.1.121 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Teo, T., Khazaie, S., & Derakhshan, A. (2022) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104406 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Albarq, A. N. (2023) · Administrative Sciences · doi:10.3390/admsci13030090 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Banerjee, P., Srivastava, A. K., Adjeroh, D. A., Reddy, R., & Karimian, N. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3524102 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Exploring Features and Products in E-Commerce on Consumers Behavior Using Cognitive Affective
Pahrudin, P., Caraka, R. E., Liu, L.-W., Ugiana Gio, P., Anita Yunikawati, N., & Pardamean, B. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3553192 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Mutoriq, A., & Purwinarko, A. (2024) · Journal of Advances in Information Systems and Technology · doi:10.15294/jaist.v5i2.71096 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“The research instrument is considered to have convergent validity if the outer loading values of each indicator are > 0.7 and the AVE value is > 0.5 (Wong, 2013; Taherdoost, 2016; Lestari et al., 2019; Pering, 2020; Latifah et al., 2021).”
BackgroundInfluential
- Authors
- Taherdoost, H.
- Corresponding author
- Taherdoost, Hamed
- ORCID
- Taherdoost, Hamed
- Venue
- SSRN Electronic Journal
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016
- Volume
- 5
- ISSN
- 1556-5068 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3126091451
- Cited by
- 2,047
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2026: 210 · 2025: 337 · 2024: 409 · 2023: 377 · 2022: 325 · 2021: 241 · 2020: 94 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 2
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- SSRN Electronic Journal (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Education › Health Education and Validation
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Survey Methodology and Nonresponse
- Keywords
- questionnaire validation, survey instrument validity, reliability statistics, psychometric assessment, research tools
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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