A REVIEW ON THE INTERNAL CONSISTENCY OF A SCALE: THE EMPIRICAL EXAMPLE OF THE INFLUENCE OF HUMAN CAPITAL INVESTMENT ON MALCOM BALDRIDGE QUALITY PRINCIPLES IN TVET INSTITUTIONS
Open accessAbstract
Today’s education institutions are constantly striving to develop and enhance the quality of employees to achieve a competitive advantage in the education market. Investing in developing the human capital quality has become a vital part of the institution strategy in managing the resources. In conjunction with the government aims in enhancing the quality of education system the institution nowadays is striving to nurture the lecturer’s capabilities towards the strategy. This paper aims to assess the internal consistency of data therefore; the further analysis procedure can be carried out systematically. For this purpose, the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient is used in validating the adapted questionnaire. It is a necessary procedure for the pilot testing phase to measure the strength of consistency as it is a well-known and consistent method to measure the reliability of items in the instrument. As for the example of practical, the data derived from a study which was conducted to 345 lecturers from 9 polytechnic campuses in East Coast Malaysia (Kelantan, Terengganu and Pahang) was applied. The questionnaire consists of 63 questions with 7 scales that were used to identify the internal consistency. The preliminary analysis of the reliability analysis resulted in strong associations (greater than 0.6) for all variables. The finding obtained has proven that the research’s instrument has high association of consistency to enhance the quality of the study. Keywords: Human Capital Investment, TVET Institutions, Internal Consistency and Cronbach Alpha
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage
Barney, J. (1991) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/014920639101700108 · Cited by 48,334 · see citing works
Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage
Barney, J. B. (2004) · Advances in strategic management · doi:10.1016/s0742-3322(00)17018-4 · Cited by 38,159 · see citing works
Discovering Statistics Using SPSS
Field, A. P., & Miles, J. N. V. (2000) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 28,268 · see citing works
The Use of Cronbach’s Alpha When Developing and Reporting Research Instruments in Science Education
Taber, K. S. (2018) · Research in Science Education · doi:10.1007/s11165-016-9602-2 · Cited by 10,679 · see citing works
SPSS survival manual : a step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS
Pallant, J. (2010) · Cited by 6,888 · see citing works
(2000) · Cited by 2,832 · see citing works
Taherdoost, H. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3205040 · Cited by 2,047 · see citing works
Human capital and learning as a source of sustainable competitive advantage
Hatch, N. W., & Dyer, J. H. (2004) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.421 · Cited by 1,500 · see citing works
Limitations of Coefficient Alpha as an Index of Test Unidimensionality1
Green, S. B., Lissitz, R. W., & Mulaik, S. A. (1977) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/001316447703700403 · Cited by 522 · see citing works
Coefficient Alpha: A Reliability Coefficient for the 21st Century?
Yang, Y., & Green, S. B. (2011) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/0734282911406668 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
Shujahat, M., Sousa, M. J., Hussain, S., Nawaz, F., Wang, M., & Umer, M. (2017) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.11.001 · Cited by 428 · see citing works
An Easy Approach to Exploratory Factor Analysis: Marketing Perspective
Hadia, N. U., Abdullah, N., & Sentosa, I. (2016) · Journal of Educational and Social Research · doi:10.5901/jesr.2016.v6n1p215 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
An empirical analysis of knowledge management applications
Moffett, S., McAdam, R., & Parkinson, S. T. (2003) · Journal of Knowledge Management · doi:10.1108/13673270310485596 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Minimum Sample Size For Cronbach’s Coefficient Alpha: A Monte-Carlo Study
Yurdugül, H. (2008) · Hacettepe Universitesi Egitim Fakultesi Dergisi-hacettepe University Journal of Education · Cited by 195 · see citing works
The Value of Human Capital Specificity Versus Transferability
Sturman, M. C., Walsh, K., & Cheramie, R. (2007) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206307312509 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Internal Consistency Reliability of the Self-Report Antisocial Process Screening Device
Poythress, N. G., Douglas, K. S., Falkenbach, D. M., Cruise, K. R., Lee, Z., Murrie, D. C., & Vitacco, M. J. (2006) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191105284279 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Human Resources Management in the System of Organizational Knowledge Management
Lendzion, J. P. (2015) · Procedia Manufacturing · doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.303 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Lai, Y.-L., & Lin, F. (2012) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.03.176 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Internal-Consistency Reliability
(2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_102076 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Phudphad, K., Watanapa, B., Krathu, W., et al. (2017) · Procedia Computer Science · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2017.06.065 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Zulkepli, M. B., Sipan, I., & Jibril, J. D. (2017) · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The Impact of Organizational Information on Knowledge Management Practices
Sharabati, A. A., & Hawajreh, K. M. (2012) · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 10
- [2]2. Bartlett, M. S. (1954). A Note on The Multiplying Factors For Various Chi Square Approximation. Journal of Royal Statistical Society,16(Series B), 296-298.
- [3]3. Bujang, M. A., Omar, E. D., & Baharum, N. A. (2018). Original Article A Review on Sample Size Determination for Cronbach ' s Alpha Test : A Simple Guide for Researchers, 25(6), 85-99.
- [4]4. Bolı, T. (2012). Journal of Engineering and Technological distinctive competencies and organizational learning : Effects on organizational innovation to improve firm performance, 29, 331-357.
- [10]10. Field, A. P. 2005. Discovering Statistics Using SPSS, Sage Publications Inc.
- [16]16. Hutcheson, G. D., and Sofroniou, N. (1999). The Multivariate Social Scientist: An Introduction To Generalized Linear Models. Sage Publications.
- [22]22. Jain.S & Angural. V (2017), Use Of Cronbach's Alpha In Dental Research I. N. (2017). ISSN No. 2394-3971 Case Report, 4(2394), 285-291.
- [25]25. Panayides, P. (2013). Interpret With Caution. Europe's Journal of Psychology Ejop.Psychopen.Eu | 1841-0413 Research, 9(4), 21-32.
- [28]28. Richard A. Johnson & Dean W. Wichern (2007). Applied Multivariate Statistical Analysis (6 th Edition). USA: Pearson Education Publications
- [32]32. Sideridis, G. (2018). Internal Consistency Reliability in Measurement : Aggregate and Multilevel Approaches Internal Consistency Reliability in Measurement, Aggregate, 17(1), 33-41.
- [36]36. T. W. Schultz. (1961). 'Investment In Human Capital', vol.51, No.1 (Mar.), 1-17.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Nkurunziza, J., Nuss, S., Estrada, E. H., Kubwimana, M., Boatin, A. A., Bikorimana, L., Fletcher, R. R., Byiringiro, N., Hedt-Gauthier, B., & Cubaka, V. K. (2026) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/64916 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Mat Nawi, F. A., A.Tambi, A. M., Samat, M. F., & Mustapha, W. M. W.
- Affiliations
- Universiti Teknologi MARA System (MY)
- Venue
- Asian People Journal (APJ)
- Publisher
- Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin
- Published
- 2020-04-30
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 19-29
- ISSN
- 2600-8971 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3022739979
- Cited by
- 135
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 6
- FWCI
- 9.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- Asian People Journal (APJ) (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Education › Health Education and Validation
- Social Sciences › Education › Vocational Education and Training
- Keywords
- internal consistency, Cronbach's alpha, human capital investment, TVET institutions, polytechnic lecturers, questionnaire validation, reliability analysis, higher education quality
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
