CoChat
Sign Up
PreprintCited by 2

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Generative AI in Equilibrium: Evidence from a Creative Goods Marketplace

Goldberg, Samuel, Lam, H. Tai·2025
DOI 10.2139/ssrn.5152649
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2139/ssrn.5152649

Cites

4 of 4 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 74

  1. L Aguiar, 2018, Quality predictability and the welfare benefits from new products: Evidence from the digitization of recorded music, Journal of Political Economy, 126, 492, 10.1086/696229 · DOI
  2. 2023, Stock images market size, share, competitive landscape and trend analysis report, by product type: Global opportunity analysis and industry forecast, 2023
  3. S P Anderson, 1999, Pricing, product diversity, and search costs: A Bertrand-Chamberlin-Diamond model, The RAND Journal of Economics, 30, 719, 10.2307/2556072 · DOI
  4. J D Angrist, 2009, Mostly harmless econometrics: An empiricist's companion, 10.1515/9781400829828 · DOI · Paper page
  5. D Autor, 2022, The labor market impacts of technological change: From unbridled enthusiasm to qualified optimism to vast uncertainty, Working Paper, 30074
  6. H Bar-Isaac, 2012, Search, design, and market structure, American Economic Review, 102, 1140, 10.1257/aer.102.2.1140 · DOI
  7. D Bau, 2017, Network dissection: Quantifying interpretability of deep visual representations, Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, 6541
  8. Y Bengio, 2013, Representation learning: A review and new perspectives, IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence, 35, 1798, 10.1109/TPAMI.2013.50 · DOI · Paper page
  9. T F Bresnahan, 1996, Technical progress and coinvention in computing and in the uses of computers, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity: Microeconomics, 27, 1
  10. T F Bresnahan, 1995, General purpose technologies 'engines of growth, Journal of Econometrics, 65, 83, 10.1016/0304-4076(94)01598-T · DOI · Paper page
  11. K A Bryan, 2024, Balancing market innovation incentives and regulation in AI: Challenges and opportunities. Economic studies, center on regulation and markets
  12. E Brynjolfsson, 2025, Generative AI at work, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 140, 889, 10.1093/qje/qjae044 · DOI · Paper page
  13. R E Caves, 2003, Contracts between art and commerce, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 17, 73, 10.1257/089533003765888430 · DOI
  14. J Chen, 2024, Logs with zeros? Some problems and solutions, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 139, 891, 10.1093/qje/qjad054 · DOI
  15. G Compiani, 2026, Demand estimation with text and image data, The RAND Journal of Economics. Early View
  16. 2025, Generative artificial intelligence and copyright law
  17. Moring Crowell, 2025, AI companies prevail in path-breaking decisions on fair use. Client Alert
  18. K Z Cui, 2026, The effects of generative AI on high-skilled work: Evidence from three field experiments with software developers, Management Science. Articles in Advance
  19. C De Chaisemartin, 2020, Two-way fixed effects estimators with heterogeneous treatment effects, American Economic Review, 110, 2964, 10.1257/aer.20181169 · DOI · Paper page
  20. C De Chaisemartin, 2024, Difference-in-difference estimators with continuous treatments and no stayers, AEA Papers and Proceedings, 114, 610, 10.1257/pandp.20241049 · DOI
  21. A R Doshi, 2024, Generative AI enhances individual creativity but reduces the collective diversity of novel content, Science Advances, 10, 10.1126/sciadv.adn5290 · DOI · Paper page
  22. A L Eisfeldt, 2023, Generative AI and firm values, 10.3386/w31222 · DOI · Paper page
  23. M Giorcelli, 2020, Copyrights and creativity: Evidence from Italian opera in the Napoleonic age, Journal of Political Economy, 128, 4163, 10.1086/710534 · DOI
  24. A Goldfarb, 2019, Digital economics, Journal of Economic Literature, 57, 3, 10.1257/jel.20171452 · DOI · Paper page
  25. M Gort, 1982, Time paths in the diffusion of product innovations, The Economic Journal, 92, 630, 10.2307/2232554 · DOI
  26. Z Griliches, 1957, Specification bias in estimates of production functions, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 39, 8
  27. B H Hall, 2003, Adoption of new technology, 10.3386/w9730 · DOI
  28. T H Hannan, 1984, The determinants of technology adoption: The case of the banking firm, The RAND Journal of Economics, 15, 328, 10.2307/2555441 · DOI
  29. H Hotelling, 1929, Stability in competition, The Economic Journal, 39, 41, 10.2307/2224214 · DOI
  30. J Huang, 2026, Novelty in content creation: Experimental results using deep learning-based image recognition on a large social network, Marketing Science, 45, 335, 10.1287/mksc.2023.0547 · DOI
  31. A Humlum, 2025, The unequal adoption of ChatGPT exacerbates existing inequalities among workers, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 122, 10.1073/pnas.2414972121 · DOI · Paper page
  32. C Jia, 2021, ALIGN: Scaling up visual and visionlanguage representation learning with noisy text supervision
  33. S Jia, 2025, Cloze encounters: The impact of pirated data access on LLM performance, Working Paper, 33598
  34. B Jovanovic, 1994, The life cycle of a competitive industry, Journal of Political Economy, 102, 322, 10.1086/261934 · DOI
  35. R Juh�sz, 2024, Technology adoption and productivity growth: Evidence from industrialization in France, Journal of Political Economy, 132, 3215, 10.1086/730205 · DOI
  36. S Kim, 2026, Does generative AI crowd out human creators? Evidence from Pixiv, 10.3386/w34733 · DOI
  37. B Klein, 2002, The economics of copyright "fair use" in a networked world, American Economic Review, 92, 205, 10.1257/000282802320189258 · DOI
  38. W M Landes, 1989, An economic analysis of copyright law, The Journal of Legal Studies, 18, 325, 10.1086/468150 · DOI
  39. Y Lecun, 2015, Deep learning, 521, 436
  40. S D Levi, 2025, Fair use and AI training: Two recent decisions highlight the complexity of this issue. Skadden client alert
  41. H Luo, 2016, Copyright infringement in the market for digital images, American Economic Review, 106, 140, 10.1257/aer.p20161017 · DOI
  42. H Luo, 2017, Copyright enforcement: Evidence from two field experiments, Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 26, 499
  43. L Magnolfi, 2025, Triplet embeddings for demand estimation, American Economic Journal: Microeconomics, 17, 282
  44. E Mansfield, 1961, Technical change and the rate of imitation, Econometrica, 29, 741, 10.2307/1911817 · DOI
  45. K Mcelheran, 2024, AI adoption in America: Who, what, and where, Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 33, 375
  46. N Miller, 2023, Technology and market power: The United States cement industry, 1974
  47. A Nagaraj, 2018, Does copyright affect reuse? Evidence from Google Books and Wikipedia, Management Science, 64, 3091, 10.1287/mnsc.2017.2767 · DOI
  48. S Noy, 2023, Experimental evidence on the productivity effects of generative artificial intelligence, Science, 381, 187, 10.1126/science.adh2586 · DOI · Paper page
  49. F Oberholzer-Gee, 2007, The effect of file sharing on record sales: An empirical analysis, Journal of Political Economy, 115, 1, 10.1086/511995 · DOI
  50. L E Papke, 2008, Panel data methods for fractional response variables with an application to test pass rates, Journal of Econometrics, 145, 121, 10.1016/j.jeconom.2008.05.009 · DOI
  51. S Peng, 2024, AI revolution on chat bot: Evidence from a randomized controlled experiment
  52. C Peukert, 2024, AI and the dynamic supply of training data
  53. R Rob, 2007, Piracy on the silver screen, The Journal of Industrial Economics, 55, 379, 10.1111/j.1467-6451.2007.00316.x · DOI
  54. N Rosenberg, 1976, On technological expectations, The Economic Journal, 86, 523, 10.2307/2230797 · DOI
  55. J Roth, 2022, Pretest with caution: Event-study estimates after testing for parallel trends, American Economic Review: Insights, 4, 305
  56. S C Salop, 1979, Monopolistic competition with outside goods, The Bell Journal of Economics, 10, 141, 10.2307/3003323 · DOI
  57. J A Schumpeter, 1942, Capitalism, socialism and democracy
  58. K Seim, 2006, An empirical model of firm entry with endogenous producttype choices, The RAND Journal of Economics, 37, 619, 10.1111/j.1756-2171.2006.tb00034.x · DOI
  59. C Shen, 2024, Fair use, licensing, and authors' rights in the age of generative AI, Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property, 22, 157
  60. N L Stokey, 2021, Technology diffusion, Review of Economic Dynamics, 42, 15, 10.1016/j.red.2020.09.008 · DOI
  61. A Struck, 2025, Who buys stock photos? The creative crowd benefitting from stock images. Stock Photo Secrets, 8
  62. 2023, A Python notebook for comparing multimodal image embedders: OpenAI's CLIP vs Google's Vertex AI, The GDELT Project
  63. A Tomaselli, 2024, How GenAI changes creative work, MIT Sloan Management Review
  64. D Del, 2025, ROSS Intelligence Inc.: Memorandum opinion and order. Memorandum Opinion and Order, 20
  65. U S District Court, 2025, Bartz et al. v. Anthropic PBC: Order on fair use. Order, No. C 24-05417 WHA
  66. U S District Court, 2025, Kadrey et al. v. Meta Platforms, Inc.: Order on cross-motions for partial summary judgment. Order, No. 23cv-03417-VC
  67. 2024, Science, & Transportation
  68. Blackburn Cantwell, 2024, Heinrich introduce legislation to increase transparency, combat AI deepfakes & put journalists, artists & songwriters back in control of their content, Press release
  69. 2023, Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc. v. Goldsmith: Opinion of the Court. Opinion
  70. H R Varian, 2005, Copying and copyright, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 19, 121, 10.1257/0895330054048768 · DOI
  71. J Waldfogel, 2017, The random long tail and the golden age of television, Innovation Policy and the Economy, 17, 1, 10.1086/688842 · DOI
  72. J M Wooldridge, 2023, Simple approaches to nonlinear difference-indifferences with panel data, The Econometrics Journal, 26, 31, 10.1093/ectj/utad016 · DOI · Paper page
  73. D Yeverechyahu, 2026, The impact of large language models on open-source innovation
  74. E Zhou, 2024, Generative artificial intelligence, human creativity, and art, PNAS Nexus, 3, 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae052 · DOI · Paper page

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 2

Metadata

Authors
Goldberg, S., & Lam, H. T.
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2025
DOI
10.2139/ssrn.5152649
Cited by
2
References
4
Type
Preprint

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review