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PreprintCited by 31Neuroscience, Education and Cognitive FunctionMemory Processes and InfluencesCognitive Abilities and Testing

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 59 of the 59 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The Memory Paradox: Why Our Brains Need Knowledge in an Age of AI

Open access
Oakley, Barbara, Johnston, Michael, Chen, Kenzen, Jung, Eulho, Sejnowski, Terrence·2025·SSRN Electronic Journal
DOI 10.2139/ssrn.5250447
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Crossref · 10.2139/ssrn.5250447

Cites

59 of 59 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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Citations

Cites

Show all 59 references

Research works printed but not linked: 27

  1. H Bastani, 2024, Generative AI can harm learning, 4895486
  2. M Becker, 2025, The neural basis of the insight memory advantage, Trends Cogn Sci
  3. J Burn-Murdoch, 2025, Have humans passed peak brain power?, Financial Times
  4. E R Buch, 2021, Consolidation of Human Skill Linked to Waking Hippocampo-Neocortical Replay, 35
  5. C Drew, 2011, Why science majors change their minds (it's just so darn hard), New York Times
  6. E Dutton, 1999, A Negative Flynn Effect in France, Intelligence, 51, 67
  7. D C Geary, 2019, Introduction: Cognitive foundations of mathematical interventions and early numeracy influences, Mathematical Cognition and Learning, 5
  8. O Henkel, 2000, You can always look it up-or can you?, Effective and scalable math support: Evidence on the impact of an AI-tutor on math achievement in Ghana, 24, 4
  9. I Kant, 1781, Critique of Pure Reason
  10. N Kosmyna, 2025, Brain on ChatGPT: Accumulation of Cognitive Debt when Using an AI Assistant for Essay Writing Task
  11. D F Labaree, 2006, The Trouble with Ed Schools
  12. K Morgan-Short, 2022, Declarative and procedural memory in second language learning: Psycholinguistic considerations, The Routledge Handbook of Second Language Acquisition and Psycholinguistics, 322
  13. B Oakley, 2025, The non-falsifiability problem in constructivist math education: A critical analysis of implementation, outcomes, and explanations
  14. G M Pao, 2021, Experimentally testable whole brain manifolds that recapitulate behavior
  15. J Piaget, 1936, The Origins of Intelligence in Children
  16. A Power, 2022, Grokking: generalization beyond overfitting on small algorithmic datasets
  17. D E Rumelhart, 1980, Chapter 2: Schemata: The building blocks of cognition, Theoretical Issues in Reading Comprehension: Routledge, 33
  18. G H Sahlgren, 2015, Real Finnish lessons: the true story of an education superpower
  19. T Sejnowski, 2025, Thinking about thinking: AI offers theoretical insights into human memory, The Transmitter
  20. R S Sutton, 2018, Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction, 2
  21. E J Thompson, 2024, Replay of procedural experience is independent of the hippocampus
  22. M Tik, 2018, Ultra-high-field fMRI insights on insight: Neural correlates of the Aha! moment, 39, 3241
  23. L Trahan, 2014, The Flynn Effect: A metaanalysis, 140, 1332
  24. I Wickelgren, 2025, How 'event scripts' structure your personal memories, Quanta Magazine
  25. G E Wimmer, 2021, Reactivation of single-episode pain patterns in the hippocampus and decision making, The of Neuroscience, 41, 7894
  26. M J Wojcik, 2025, Working memory shapes neural geometry in human EEG over learning, bioRxiv
  27. T.-C Yang, 2025, The effectiveness of ChatGPT in assisting high school students in programming learning: evidence from a quasi-experimental research, Interactive Learning Environments

Cited by

See all 31

Metadata

Authors
Oakley, B., Johnston, M., Chen, K., Jung, E., & Sejnowski, T.
Affiliations
  • Oakland University (US)
  • Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (US)
Corresponding author
Oakley, Barbara
ORCID
Venue
SSRN Electronic Journal
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2025
ISSN
1556-5068 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.2139/ssrn.5250447
OpenAlex
W4410357102
Cited by
31
References
59
Citations by year
2026: 21 · 2025: 10
Type
posted content
Language
en
Open access
Locations
SSRN Electronic Journal (acceptedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroscience, Education and Cognitive Function
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
Keywords
Flynn effect, cognitive offloading, generative AI, human memory, declarative memory, procedural memory, memorization, teaching practice, cognitive flexibility, artificial intelligence in education, workforce development

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This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Memory Paradox: Why Our Brains Need Knowledge in an Age of AI. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.2139/ssrn.5250447
The paper
Oakley, B., Johnston, M., Chen, K., Jung, E., & Sejnowski, T. (2025). The Memory Paradox: Why Our Brains Need Knowledge in an Age of AI. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5250447

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.