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PreprintCited by 31Neuroscience, Education and Cognitive FunctionMemory Processes and InfluencesCognitive Abilities and Testing

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 59 of the 59 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The Memory Paradox: Why Our Brains Need Knowledge in an Age of AI

Open access
Oakley, Barbara, Johnston, Michael, Chen, Kenzen, Jung, Eulho, Sejnowski, Terrence·2025·SSRN Electronic Journal
DOI 10.2139/ssrn.5250447
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Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2139/ssrn.5250447

Cites

59 of 59 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

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Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 27

  1. H Bastani, 2024, Generative AI can harm learning, 4895486
  2. M Becker, 2025, The neural basis of the insight memory advantage, Trends Cogn Sci
  3. J Burn-Murdoch, 2025, Have humans passed peak brain power?, Financial Times
  4. E R Buch, 2021, Consolidation of Human Skill Linked to Waking Hippocampo-Neocortical Replay, 35
  5. C Drew, 2011, Why science majors change their minds (it's just so darn hard), New York Times
  6. E Dutton, 1999, A Negative Flynn Effect in France, Intelligence, 51, 67
  7. D C Geary, 2019, Introduction: Cognitive foundations of mathematical interventions and early numeracy influences, Mathematical Cognition and Learning, 5
  8. O Henkel, 2000, You can always look it up-or can you?, Effective and scalable math support: Evidence on the impact of an AI-tutor on math achievement in Ghana, 24, 4
  9. I Kant, 1781, Critique of Pure Reason
  10. N Kosmyna, 2025, Brain on ChatGPT: Accumulation of Cognitive Debt when Using an AI Assistant for Essay Writing Task
  11. D F Labaree, 2006, The Trouble with Ed Schools
  12. K Morgan-Short, 2022, Declarative and procedural memory in second language learning: Psycholinguistic considerations, The Routledge Handbook of Second Language Acquisition and Psycholinguistics, 322
  13. B Oakley, 2025, The non-falsifiability problem in constructivist math education: A critical analysis of implementation, outcomes, and explanations
  14. G M Pao, 2021, Experimentally testable whole brain manifolds that recapitulate behavior
  15. J Piaget, 1936, The Origins of Intelligence in Children
  16. A Power, 2022, Grokking: generalization beyond overfitting on small algorithmic datasets
  17. D E Rumelhart, 1980, Chapter 2: Schemata: The building blocks of cognition, Theoretical Issues in Reading Comprehension: Routledge, 33
  18. G H Sahlgren, 2015, Real Finnish lessons: the true story of an education superpower
  19. T Sejnowski, 2025, Thinking about thinking: AI offers theoretical insights into human memory, The Transmitter
  20. R S Sutton, 2018, Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction, 2
  21. E J Thompson, 2024, Replay of procedural experience is independent of the hippocampus
  22. M Tik, 2018, Ultra-high-field fMRI insights on insight: Neural correlates of the Aha! moment, 39, 3241
  23. L Trahan, 2014, The Flynn Effect: A metaanalysis, 140, 1332
  24. I Wickelgren, 2025, How 'event scripts' structure your personal memories, Quanta Magazine
  25. G E Wimmer, 2021, Reactivation of single-episode pain patterns in the hippocampus and decision making, The of Neuroscience, 41, 7894
  26. M J Wojcik, 2025, Working memory shapes neural geometry in human EEG over learning, bioRxiv
  27. T.-C Yang, 2025, The effectiveness of ChatGPT in assisting high school students in programming learning: evidence from a quasi-experimental research, Interactive Learning Environments

Cited by

See all 31

Metadata

Authors
Oakley, B., Johnston, M., Chen, K., Jung, E., & Sejnowski, T.
Affiliations
  • Oakland University (US)
  • Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (US)
Corresponding author
Oakley, Barbara
ORCID
Venue
SSRN Electronic Journal
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2025
ISSN
1556-5068 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.2139/ssrn.5250447
OpenAlex
W4410357102
Cited by
31
References
59
Citations by year
2026: 21 · 2025: 10
Type
posted content
Language
en
Open access
Locations
SSRN Electronic Journal (acceptedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroscience, Education and Cognitive Function
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
Keywords
Flynn effect, cognitive offloading, generative AI, human memory, declarative memory, procedural memory, memorization, teaching practice, cognitive flexibility, artificial intelligence in education, workforce development

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.