The DOI matches its Crossref record; 63 of the 63 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Down or Out: Assessing the Welfare Costs of Household Investment Mistakes
Open accessAbstract
This paper investigates the efficiency of household investment decisions in a unique dataset containing the disaggregated wealth and income of the entire population of Sweden. The analysis focuses on two main sources of inefficiency in the financial portfolio: underdiversification of risky assets ("down") and nonparticipation in risky asset markets ("out"). We find that while a few households are very poorly diversified, the cost of diversification mistakes is quite modest for most of the population. For instance, a majority of participating Swedish households are sufficiently diversified internationally to outperform the Sharpe ratio of their domestic stock market. We document that households with greater financial sophistication tend to invest more efficiently but also more aggressively, so the welfare cost of portfolio inefficiency tends to be greater for these households. The welfare cost of nonparticipation is smaller by almost one half when we take account of the fact that nonparticipants would be unlikely to invest efficiently if they participated in risky asset markets.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Common risk factors in the returns on stocks and bonds
Fama, E. F., & French, K. R. (1993) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/0304-405x(93)90023-5 · Cited by 25,754
Continuous Univariate Distributions.
Omori, Y., Johnson, N. L., Kotz, S., & Balakrishnan, N. (1995) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2291547 · Cited by 9,084
Boys will be Boys: Gender, Overconfidence, and Common Stock Investment
Barber, B. M., & Odean, T. (2001) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1162/003355301556400 · Cited by 5,276
Are Investors Reluctant to Realize Their Losses?
Odean, T. (1998) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/0022-1082.00072 · Cited by 3,657
Capital Market Equilibrium with Restricted Borrowing
Black, F. (1972) · The Journal of Business · doi:10.1086/295472 · Cited by 3,093
The Power of Suggestion: Inertia in 401(k) Participation and Savings Behavior
Madrian, B. C., & Shea, D. F. (2001) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1162/003355301753265543 · Cited by 2,727
Odean, T. (1999) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.89.5.1279 · Cited by 2,247
Huberman, G. (2001) · Review of Financial Studies · doi:10.1093/rfs/14.3.659 · Cited by 1,910
Wermers, R. (2000) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/0022-1082.00263 · Cited by 1,853
Grinblatt, M. (2000) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/s0304-405x(99)00044-6 · Cited by 1,639
Cited by
Financial Literacy and Retirement Preparedness: Evidence and Implications for Financial Education
Lusardi, A., & Mitchelli, O. S. (2007) · Business Economics · doi:10.2145/20070104 · Cited by 1,596
Financial Literacy and Planning: Implications for Retirement Wellbeing
Lusardi, A., & Mitchell, O. (2011) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w17078 · Cited by 1,253
The Behavior of Individual Investors
Barber, B. M., & Odean, T. (2013) · Handbook of the Economics of Finance · doi:10.1016/b978-0-44-459406-8.00022-6 · Cited by 750
A Demand System Approach to Asset Pricing
Koijen, R. S. J., & Yogo, M. (2019) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/701683 · Cited by 688
Do older investors make better investment decisions?
Korniotis, G. M., & Kumar, A. (2011) · Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/rest_a_00053 · Cited by 565
Metadata
- Authors
- Calvet, L. E., Campbell, J. Y., & Sodini, P.
- Venue
- SSRN Electronic Journal
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006
- ISSN
- 1556-5068 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2169272989
- Cited by
- 355
- References
- 63
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Down or Out: Assessing the Welfare Costs of Household Investment Mistakes. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.2139/ssrn.881768
- The paper
- Calvet, L. E., Campbell, J. Y., & Sodini, P. (2006). Down or Out: Assessing the Welfare Costs of Household Investment Mistakes. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.881768
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.