Clinical and Pathogenic Characteristics of 45 Cases of Bloodstream Infection in Obstetrics: A Clinical Analysis

May combine two claims.

Clinical symptoms of infection during pregnancy are often atypical, and there is currently no unified standard for early identification and diagnosis of infection during pregnancy and postpartum period.

“However, the clinical symptoms are often atypical,1 and there is currently no unified standard for early identification and diagnosis of infection during pregnancy and postpartum period.7”

• cites [1] Chen D, Pan X. Pay attention to pregnancy infection and improve maternal and child outcomes. J Pract Gynecol Obstet China. 2023; 39(12): 1157– 19. doi: 10.19538/j.fk2023120102Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [7] Alkema L, Chou D, Hogan D, et al. Global, regional, and national levels and trends in maternal mortality between 1990 and 2015, with scenario-based projections to 2030: a systematic analysis by the UN Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-Agency Group. Lancet. 2016; 387(10017): 462– 474. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00838-7 26584737 PMC5515236 sourceCould not verify

  The Discussion addresses misclassification of maternal deaths in vital-registration data and standardizing mortality reporting, not clinical identification or diagnosis of infection. Searches for infection diagnosis and a unified standard found no passage addressing whether such a standard exists during pregnancy or postpartum. The separate statement about atypical symptoms carries citation 1, not this citation. (LLM, conf=0.75)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Influenza virus (such as novel coronavirus), varicella zoster virus and herpes simplex virus are common obstetric sepsis related viruses, which often show pneumonia.

“Influenza virus (such as novel coronavirus), varicella zoster virus and herpes simplex virus are common obstetric sepsis related viruses,33 which often show pneumonia.34”

• cites [33] Shields A, de Assis V, Halscott T. Top 10 pearls for the recognition, evaluation, and management of maternal sepsis. Obstet Gynecol. 2021; 138(2): 289– 304. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000004471 34237760 PMC8288480 sourcePartly supported

  Pearl 5 identifies influenza, varicella zoster, and herpes simplex virus as the most common viral pathogens associated with maternal sepsis. It discusses SARS-CoV-2 separately, not as a type of influenza, so the parenthetical is unsupported. The pneumonia clause carries a different citation in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [34] Noora CL, Manu A, Addo-Lartey A, et al. Incidence and determinants of maternal sepsis in Ghana in the midst of a pandemic. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2022; 22(1): 864. doi: 10.1186/s12884-022-05178-4 36424531 PMC9686217 sourceCould not verify

  The Background discusses infections leading to maternal sepsis, but does not identify influenza, coronavirus, varicella zoster or herpes simplex as common causes. A search for those viruses and viral causes found no supporting passage in our copy. The pneumonia clause is attached to a different citation. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Physiological changes in pregnancy (temperature rise 0.39-0.78°C, heart rate increase 10-15 times/min during rest in late pregnancy, blood pressure U-shaped change, white blood cell count increase) overlap with early manifestations of infection, making early identification difficult.

“which overlaps with early manifestations of infection, making early identification difficult”

• cites [2] WHO Global Maternal Sepsis Study (GLOSS) Research Group. Frequency and management of maternal infection in health facilities in 52 countries (GLOSS): a 1-week inception cohort study. Lancet Glob Health. 2020; 8(5): e661– e671. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30109-1 32353314 PMC7196885 sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [24] Expert Consensus Group on Emergency Clinical Application of Procalcitonin. Expert consensus on the emergency clinical application of procalcitonin (PCT). Chin J Emerg Med. 2012; 21(9): 944– 951.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The most common sites of infection in pregnant and postpartum women are the urinary system (5.2%), reproductive system (such as chorioamnionitis, 27.6%) and respiratory system (13.8%). Other common infections include surgical incision infections and skin and soft tissue infections (3.5%).

“The most common sites of infection in pregnant and postpartum women are the urinary system (accounting for 5.2%), reproductive system (such as chorioamnionitis, accounting for 27.6%) and respiratory system (accounting for 13.8%).35,36 Other common infections include surgical incision infections and skin and soft tissue infections (accounting for 3.5%).37,38”

• cites [35] Lamoth F, Lockhart SR, Berkow EL, et al. Changes in the epidemiological landscape of invasive candidiasis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018; 73(suppl 1): i4– i13. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkx445 29304207 PMC11931512 sourceCould not verify

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 2 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [36] Shao BY, Fu XH. Characteristics and pathogenic analysis of sepsis cases during pregnancy and postpartum period. Chin J Family Plan. 2024; 32(1): 184– 190.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [37] Bauer ME, Housey M, Bauer ST, et al. Risk factors, etiologies, and screening tools for sepsis in pregnant women: a multicenter case-control study. Anesth Analg. 2020; 130(5): e160. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000004699 33034999 sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

During pregnancy and postpartum period, bloodstream infections - especially sepsis - are commonly caused by Escherichia coli (about 60.26%), coagulase negative Staphylococci (about 6.03%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae.

“During pregnancy and postpartum period, bloodstream infections – especially sepsis – are commonly caused by 3 types of bacteria: Escherichia coli (mainly, about 60.26%),26,27 coagulase negative Staphylococci (about 6.03%,26 Staphylococcus epidermidis accounts for 60% to 70%, hemolytic staphylococci, etc),28 Klebsiella pneumoniae;29”

• cites [26] Wang F, Liu Z, Shang X, et al. Distribution and drug resistance analysis of microbial flora in clinically suspected infections among pregnant women. Chin J Perinat Med. 2022; 25(12): 904– 911. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn113903-20220731-00741Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [27] Ornaghi S, Maraschini A, Buoncristiano M, et al. Maternal sepsis in Italy: a prospective, population-based cohort and nested case-control study. Microorganisms. 2022; 11(1): 105. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms11010105 36677397 PMC9865500 sourcePartly supported

  The Results report E. coli as the most frequent isolate in maternal sepsis cases with positive cultures and list coagulase-negative Staphylococcus among the isolates. They do not report bloodstream-specific proportions of 60.26% or 6.03%; E. coli accounts for 31.1% of positive-culture cases in this study. In the citing sentence, Klebsiella pneumoniae is attached to a different citation. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [28] Li QJ, Wang Z. Analysis of pathogen distribution and drug resistance in sepsis patients with positive blood culture. Chin J Clin Physicians. 2022; 50(4): 438– 442.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The positive rate of blood culture in sepsis is 25% to 40%, mainly caused by bacterial infections.

“The positive rate of blood culture in sepsis is 25% to 40%, mainly caused by bacterial infections;8”

• cites [8] Xu JQ, Zhang WY, Fu JJ, et al. Viral sepsis: diagnosis, clinical features, pathogenesis, and clinical considerations. Mil Med Res. 2024; 11(1): 78. doi: 10.1186/s40779-024-00581-0 39676169 PMC11648306 sourcePartly supported

  The Background (page unavailable) reports pathogen detection rates of 25–40% in septic cases and says bacterial detection is most prevalent. It does not identify that figure as the positive rate of blood cultures; it describes detection of multiple pathogen types by different methods. (LLM, conf=0.89)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Fungal sepsis is extremely rare in obstetric patients.

“Fungal sepsis is extremely rare in obstetric patients.35”

• cites [35] Lamoth F, Lockhart SR, Berkow EL, et al. Changes in the epidemiological landscape of invasive candidiasis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018; 73(suppl 1): i4– i13. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkx445 29304207 PMC11931512 sourceCould not verify

  The Neonates section discusses maternal vaginal candidiasis as a risk factor for Candida colonization in infants, but does not report how often fungal sepsis occurs in obstetric patients. Searches for obstetric fungal sepsis and for pregnancy, postpartum, and maternal invasive candidiasis found no passage addressing that frequency; page numbers were unavailable. (LLM, conf=0.74)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

The resistance rates of piperacillin/tazobactam, imipenem, and meropenem are all 0.

“The resistance rates of piperacillin/tazobactam, imipenem, and meropenem are all 0.”

• Also stated in: § Common Types of Drug Resistance in Blood Culture · plain

  “The resistance rates of piperacillin/tazobactam, imipenem, and meropenem are all 0.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The medical records data are accurate and complete.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Four cases (9%) had bacteria in three site cultures.

“4 cases (9%) were found to have bacteria in three site cultures.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The medical records data are accurate and complete.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There were 8 cases of imipenem cilastatin sodium and 8 cases of meropenem among the special-use-level antibiotics.

“There were 16 cases of antibiotics of special use level (accounting for 35.56%; 8 cases of imipenem cilastatin sodium and 8 cases of meropenem), 18 cases (40%) of cefoxitin and 19 cases (42%) of piperacillin tazobactam sodium.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

One case (2%) was an obligate anaerobe (non-MDR).

“1 case of obligate anaerobe (2%) which was the non-NDR.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The medical records data are accurate and complete.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There were 18 cases (40%) of cefoxitin use.

“There were 16 cases of antibiotics of special use level (accounting for 35.56%; 8 cases of imipenem cilastatin sodium and 8 cases of meropenem), 18 cases (40%) of cefoxitin and 19 cases (42%) of piperacillin tazobactam sodium.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Four cases (9%) had urinary tract infection.

“4 cases (9%) of urinary tract infection”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The medical records data are accurate and complete.

May combine two claims.

There were a total of 50 types of infected bacteria, with 20 types being multidrug-resistant.

“There were a total of 50 types of infected bacteria, with 20 types being multidrug-resistant.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The medical records data are accurate and complete.

May combine two claims.

Among shock cases, 4 cases did not experience shock solely due to infection; causes included cardiogenic shock, hemorrhagic shock, and heart failure with pulmonary infection/chorioamnionitis.

“Among them, 4 cases did not only experience shock due to infection – 1 case was cardiogenic shock; 1 case was hemorrhagic shock; 1 case was heart failure, pulmonary infection and chorioamnioniti; 1 case was heart failure, large bleeding, uterine resection and chorioamnionitis).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The medical records data are accurate and complete.

May combine two claims.

Ten cases (22%) had the same type of bacteria in different parts cultures, including 9 cases of the same strain in blood culture and cervical secretion culture, and 1 case in abdominal drainage fluid culture (Proteus mirabilis).

“There were 10 cases (22%) were found to have the same type of bacteria in different parts cultures, including 9 cases of the same strain in blood culture and cervical secretion culture, and 1 case was found to have the same strain in abdominal drainage fluid culture – Proteus mirabilis).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The medical records data are accurate and complete.

May combine two claims.

Two cases with positive blood culture did not have fever, and their omqSOFA, omSOFA, and qSOFA scores were all ≥ 2.

“Two cases with positive blood culture did not have fever, and their omqSOFA, omSOFA, and qSOFA scores were all ≥ 2, indicating sepsis.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

There were 2 cases transferred to higher-level hospitals, and their subsequent length of stay in the ICU of other hospitals is unknown.

“In addition, there were 2 cases transferred to higher-level hospitals, and their subsequent length of stay in the ICU of other hospitals is unknown.”

May combine two claims.

Among the 12 cases of sepsis, 7 cases were transferred from outside the hospital (58% of sepsis cases and 3 cases in the MDR group).

“Among the 12 cases of sepsis, 7 cases were transferred from outside the hospital (accounting for 58% of sepsis cases and 3 cases in the MDR group).”

May combine two claims.

There were 10 cases (22%) of the same bacteria cultured from different parts, including 4 cases (9%) in the MDR group.

“There were 10 cases (22%) of the same bacteria cultured from different parts, including 4 cases (9%) in the MDR group.”

May combine two claims.

In this study, there were 7 cases with obvious cough/sputum symptoms, all in the non-MDR group.

“In this study, there were 7 cases with obvious cough/sputum symptoms (all non-MDR), and the symptoms were not severe.”

The quote only partly states this claim.

The difference between the two groups in obvious cough/sputum symptoms was statistically significant (P=0.012).

“They were all obtained through follow-up medical history after clear infection, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P=0.012).”

May combine two claims.

Two cases of fungal infection were both sepsis (one of which was septic shock).

“Two cases of fungal infection were both sepsis (one of which was septic shock).”

May combine two claims.

There were 25 cases with blood pressure below 90/60 mmHg, among which 7 cases used vasopressors.

“There were 25 cases with blood pressure below 90/60mmHg (among them 7 cases using vasopressors), among which 4 cases did not only cause shock due to infection (1 case was cardiogenic shock; 1 case was hemorrhagic shock; 1 case was heart failure, pulmonary infection, and chorioamnionitis; 1 case was heart failure, uterine resection after massive hemorrhage and chorioamnionitis).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

One case was novel coronavirus.

“One case is novel coronavirus.”

May combine two claims.

Among the polymicrobial or mixed infection cases, there were 8 cases in the MDR group and 9 cases in the non-MDR group, with χ2=0.0001, P=1.000.

“Among them, there were 8 cases in the MDR group and 9 cases in the non-MDR group, χ2=0.0001, P=1.000.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Test results were reviewed by the Department of Laboratory Medicine at the First People's Hospital of Chenzhou and submitted to the HIS system.

“The test results were reviewed by the Department of Laboratory Medicine at the First People’s Hospital of Chenzhou and submitted to the HIS system.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Pathogen infections during pregnancy can impact maternal and fetal health, serving as a high-risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preterm birth, miscarriage, and stillbirth.

“Pathogen infections during pregnancy can impact the health of the mother and fetus, serving as a high-risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preterm birth, miscarriage, and stillbirth.”

• cites [1] Chen D, Pan X. Pay attention to pregnancy infection and improve maternal and child outcomes. J Pract Gynecol Obstet China. 2023; 39(12): 1157– 19. doi: 10.19538/j.fk2023120102Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Early identification and intervention are core strategies to improve the success rate of diagnosis and treatment of obstetric bloodstream infections, especially sepsis.

“Early identification and intervention are the core strategies to improve the success rate of diagnosis and treatment of obstetric bloodstream infections, especially sepsis.”

• cites [10] Chen Y, Chen DJ, He F. Progress in the diagnosis and treatment of obstetric sepsis. Chin J Obstet Gynecol. 2025; 60(8): 648– 652. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112141-20250430-00189Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Pregnancy is a state of immune deficiency with reduced resistance to invasive pathogens and susceptibility to opportunistic infections.

“Pregnancy is a state of “immune deficiency”, where the maternal body not only exhibits reduced resistance to invasive pathogens but is also susceptible to opportunistic infections.”

• cites [1] Chen D, Pan X. Pay attention to pregnancy infection and improve maternal and child outcomes. J Pract Gynecol Obstet China. 2023; 39(12): 1157– 19. doi: 10.19538/j.fk2023120102Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Patients with a history of ectopic pregnancy or who have undergone uterine surgery other than cesarean section during this pregnancy are more likely to be infected with multidrug-resistant bacteria.

“Patients with a history of ectopic pregnancy or who have undergone uterine surgery other than cesarean section during this pregnancy are more likely to be infected with multidrug-resistant bacteria.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The 45 cases are representative of obstetric bloodstream infections in the region or more broadly, allowing generalization of the findings.

May combine two claims.

The sample size of this study meets industry standards and can meet research needs.

“Therefore, the sample size of this study meets industry standards and can meet research needs.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Repeated vaginal delivery can cause repeated damage to the cervix, weaken the defense ability of cervical epithelial cells, and increase the risk of infection.

“This may be due to the fact that the cervix itself is connected to the vagina (there is a diverse microbial community in the vagina), and repeated vaginal delivery can cause repeated damage to the cervix, weaken the defense ability of cervical epithelial cells, and increase the risk of infection.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Quality control strains used in the VITEK 2 Compact system were designated standard strains including Escherichia coli ATCC700323, Staphylococcus saprophyticus ATCC-BAA750, Candida albicans ATCC14053, Escherichia coli ATCC25922, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC29213.

“The quality control strains used in the VITEK 2 Compact fully automated microbiological analysis system are designated standard strains, including Escherichia coli ATCC700323, Staphylococcus saprophyticus ATCC-BAA750, Candida albicans ATCC14053, Escherichia coli ATCC25922, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC29213.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Blood culture is the gold standard for diagnosis of bacteremia.

“Blood culture is the gold standard for its diagnosis.”

• cites [12] The Clinical Microbiology and Infection Branch of the China Association for the Promotion of International Exchange in Healthcare, the Clinical Microbiology Group of the Laboratory Medicine Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, and the Clinical Microbiology Group of the Microbiology and Immunology Branch of the Chinese Medical Association. Expert consensus on the use of blood culture technology for the diagnosis of bloodstream infections in clinical practice. Chin J Lab Med. 2022; 45(2): 105– 121.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Physiological changes during pregnancy can affect drug distribution and efficacy, but very few drugs have been approved for use in pregnant women for efficacy and toxicity studies.

“The physiological changes during pregnancy can affect the distribution and efficacy of drugs, but very few drugs have been approved to use pregnant women as research subjects for drug efficacy and toxicity studies.”

• cites [1] Chen D, Pan X. Pay attention to pregnancy infection and improve maternal and child outcomes. J Pract Gynecol Obstet China. 2023; 39(12): 1157– 19. doi: 10.19538/j.fk2023120102Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing adhered to CLSI standards.

“The antimicrobial susceptibility testing adhered to CLSI standards.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A study has shown that 33% of sepsis patients in the ICU during pregnancy and postpartum period are multidrug-resistant bacteria.

“A study has shown that 33% of sepsis patients in the ICU during pregnancy and postpartum period are multidrug-resistant bacteria.25”

• cites [25] Shen N, Chen Y. Obstetric critical illness warning and response strategies. Chin J Clin Physicians. 2025; 53(3): 269– 272.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The absence of hypothermia patients may be related to the lack of timely monitoring during transfer from another hospital and blood loss rescue process.

“None of hypothermia patients, which may be related to the lack of timely monitoring during the transfer from another hospital and blood loss rescue process;”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The WBC greater than 3 × 109/L may be related to physiological elevation of white blood cells during pregnancy.

“WBC were all greater than 3 × 109/L, which may be related to physiological elevation of white blood cells during pregnancy.”

May combine two claims.

Patients with a history of ectopic pregnancy and those who underwent uterine surgery other than cesarean section during this pregnancy are more likely to be infected with multi-drug resistant bacteria in the event of bloodstream infection.

“indicating that patients with a history of ectopic pregnancy and those who underwent uterine surgery other than cesarean section during this pregnancy are more likely to be infected with multi-drug resistant bacteria in the event of bloodstream infection”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Inflammation is the primary cause of ectopic pregnancy.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Obstetric sepsis is one of the main reasons for being transferred to the ICU.

“Obstetric sepsis is one of the main reasons for being transferred to the ICU.6”

• cites [6] Chen S, Zhao Y. Interpretation of the 2024 Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists guidelines for identification and management of sepsis during pregnancy and postpartum period. J Pract Obstet Gynecol. 2025; 41(5): 373– 376.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Mixed infections can also occur in about 15% of cases.

“and mixed infections can also occur (about 15%).6,9”

• cites [6] Chen S, Zhao Y. Interpretation of the 2024 Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists guidelines for identification and management of sepsis during pregnancy and postpartum period. J Pract Obstet Gynecol. 2025; 41(5): 373– 376.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [9] Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Consult Series #67: maternal sepsis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2023; 229(3): B2– B19. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2023.05.019 37236495 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The low PCT/CRP in some sepsis patients may be related to the decreased immunity of pregnant women.

“Among them, there were 2 sepsis patients with PCT < 0.5 ng/mL (one in each group was 0.07 ng/mL and 0.465 ng/mL), and 1 sepsis patient with CRP 15.5 mg/L and PCT 0.96 ng/mL, which may be related to the decreased immunity of pregnant women.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Only 74% of pregnant and postpartum women with sepsis can identify the source of infection.

“Only 74% of pregnant and postpartum women with sepsis can identify the source of infection.6”

• cites [6] Chen S, Zhao Y. Interpretation of the 2024 Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists guidelines for identification and management of sepsis during pregnancy and postpartum period. J Pract Obstet Gynecol. 2025; 41(5): 373– 376.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

When CRP is between 10-99 mg/L, it indicates focal or superficial infection, and ≥ 100 mg/L indicates sepsis or invasive infection.

“When CRP is between 10–99 mg/L, it indicates focal or superficial infection, and ≥ 100 mg/L indicates sepsis or invasive infection.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Procalcitonin levels ≥ 0.5 ng/mL indicate the presence of infection (moderate systemic inflammatory response), and 0.05~<0.5 ng/mL indicate no or mild systemic inflammatory response (local infection).

“Domestic guidelines suggest that procalcitonin levels ≥ 0.5 ng/mL indicate the presence of infection (moderate systemic inflammatory response), and 0.05~< 0.5 ng/mL indicating no or mild systemic inflammatory response (local infection).20”

• cites [20] Liu P, Fan SR, Liang YH, et al. Analysis of 41 cases of sepsis during pregnancy and postpartum period. Chin J Emerg Obstet Gynecol. 2018; 7(3): 174– 179. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The positive rate of blood culture in patients with sepsis during pregnancy and postpartum period is only 56.25%, which is largely related to the refusal of pregnant women and their families to draw blood and the increase in additional costs.

“The positive rate of blood culture in patients with sepsis during pregnancy and postpartum period is only 56.25%,20 which is largely related to the refusal of pregnant women and their families to draw blood and the increase in additional costs.”

• cites [20] Liu P, Fan SR, Liang YH, et al. Analysis of 41 cases of sepsis during pregnancy and postpartum period. Chin J Emerg Obstet Gynecol. 2018; 7(3): 174– 179. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Not all patients with bloodstream infections have fever, and elevated body temperature cannot be the sole diagnostic basis for infection.

“More importantly, not all patients with bloodstream infections have fever,6 and elevated body temperature cannot be the sole diagnostic basis for infection.10”

• cites [6] Chen S, Zhao Y. Interpretation of the 2024 Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists guidelines for identification and management of sepsis during pregnancy and postpartum period. J Pract Obstet Gynecol. 2025; 41(5): 373– 376.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [10] Chen Y, Chen DJ, He F. Progress in the diagnosis and treatment of obstetric sepsis. Chin J Obstet Gynecol. 2025; 60(8): 648– 652. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112141-20250430-00189Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Among blood cultures with positive results, the proportion of resistance to piperacillin tazobactam and imipenem is 3.3% and 26.2%, respectively; multidrug resistant bacteria accounted for 13.8% (8/61).

“Studies have shown that among blood cultures with positive results, the proportion of resistance to piperacillin tazobactam and imipenem is 3.3% and 26.2%, respectively; multidrug resistant bacteria accounted for 13.8% (8/61).36”

• cites [36] Shao BY, Fu XH. Characteristics and pathogenic analysis of sepsis cases during pregnancy and postpartum period. Chin J Family Plan. 2024; 32(1): 184– 190.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Some microbial communities in this study, such as Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus epidermidis, may lack representativeness in drug sensitivity results due to the small sample size, and may not fully meet the needs of complex statistical analysis.

“Some microbial communities in this study, such as Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus epidermidis, may lack representativeness in drug sensitivity results due to the small sample size, and may not fully meet the needs of complex statistical analysis.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The 2025 WHO Global Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring Report states that the top three pathogens causing bloodstream infections worldwide are Escherichia coli (44.9%), Staphylococcus aureus (21.9%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (21.1%).

“The 2025 WHO Global Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring Report: The situation of Gram negative bacteria resistance is severe, and the top three pathogens causing bloodstream infections worldwide are Escherichia coli (44.9%), Staphylococcus aureus (21.9%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (21.1%).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

This study is a single center, retrospective, small sample study with certain limitations.

“As a final remark, this study is a single center, retrospective, small sample study with certain limitations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The resistance rates of Escherichia coli to ceftriaxone and ceftazidime were 43.5% and 31.8%, respectively.

“The resistance rates of Escherichia coli to ceftriaxone and ceftazidime were 43.5% and 31.8%, respectively.”