The DOI matches its Crossref record; 208 of the 212 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Biomarkers for depression: recent insights, current challenges and future prospects
Open accessAbstract
Abstract: A plethora of research has implicated hundreds of putative biomarkers for depression, but has not yet fully elucidated their roles in depressive illness or established what is abnormal in which patients and how biologic information can be used to enhance diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. This lack of progress is partially due to the nature and heterogeneity of depression, in conjunction with methodological heterogeneity within the research literature and the large array of biomarkers with potential, the expression of which often varies according to many factors. We review the available literature, which indicates that markers involved in inflammatory, neurotrophic and metabolic processes, as well as neurotransmitter and neuroendocrine system components, represent highly promising candidates. These may be measured through genetic and epigenetic, transcriptomic and proteomic, metabolomic and neuroimaging assessments. The use of novel approaches and systematic research programs is now required to determine whether, and which, biomarkers can be used to predict response to treatment, stratify patients to specific treatments and develop targets for new interventions. We conclude that there is much promise for reducing the burden of depression through further developing and expanding these research avenues. Keywords: mood disorder, major depressive disorder, inflammation, treatment response, stratification, personalized medicine
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The serum VEGF level was found to be increased in depressed patients compared with that of control subjects in 16 studies.”
From Study protocol on the efficacy of exergames-acceptance and commitment therapy program for the treatment of major depressive disorder: Comparison with acceptance and commitment therapy alone and treatment-as-usual in a multicentre randomised controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [16]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Part of this paper’s reference list could not be split into single entries.
Molecular Mechanisms of Depression: Perspectives on New Treatment Strategies
Lang, U. E., & Borgwardt, S. (2013) · Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1159/000350094 · Cited by 8,526
From inflammation to sickness and depression: when the immune system subjugates the brain
Dantzer, R., O'Connor, J. C., Freund, G. G., Johnson, R. W., & Kelley, K. W. (2008) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2297 · Cited by 7,395
Insel, T., Cuthbert, B., Garvey, M., Heinssen, R., Pine, D. S., Quinn, K., Sanislow, C., & Wang, P. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09091379 · Cited by 7,067
A Meta-Analysis of Cytokines in Major Depression
Dowlati, Y., Herrmann, N., Swardfager, W., Liu, H., Sham, L., Reim, E. K., & Lanctôt, K. L. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.09.033 · Cited by 4,729
No health without mental health
Prince, M. J., Patel, V., Saxena, S., Maj, M., Maselko, J., Phillips, M. R., & Rahman, A. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61238-0 · Cited by 4,028
The role of inflammation in depression: from evolutionary imperative to modern treatment target
Miller, A. H., & Raison, C. L. (2016) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri.2015.5 · Cited by 3,942
Inflammation and Its Discontents: The Role of Cytokines in the Pathophysiology of Major Depression
Miller, A. H., Maletic, V., & Raison, C. L. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.11.029 · Cited by 3,848
(2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)62129-1 · Cited by 3,010
Cytokines sing the blues: inflammation and the pathogenesis of depression
Raison, C. L., Capuron, L., & Miller, A. H. (2006) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2005.11.006 · Cited by 3,009
Associations of depression with C-reactive protein, IL-1, and IL-6: a meta-analysis.
Howren, M. B., Lamkin, D. M., & Suls, J. (2009) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3181907c1b · Cited by 2,766
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Krishnadas R, Cavanagh J. Depression: an inflammatory illness? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012;83(5):495-502.
- Xia Q, Wang G, Wang H, Xie Z, Fang Y, Li Y. Study of metabolism of glucose and lipid in patients of first-episode depressioon. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009;19:241-243.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–444 of 444
O papel da conectividade funcional no tratamento da depressão: explorando novas abordagens
Reis, J. V. (2023) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT)
Valente, I. M. S. (2023) · RepositóriUM (Universidade do Minho)
Multimodal machine learning for precision psychiatry
Cearns, M. L. D. (2021) · Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide)
Patterns of the Risk for Depression among Midlife Women: The SWAN Study
Wang, Z. (2025) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2025.169059
Aubry, R. (2025) · Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) · doi:10.13097/archive-ouverte/unige:188157
Martínez Cruz, J. A. (2025) · El Repositorio Academico Digital de la UANL (Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León)
Treino Metacognitivo na pessoa mais velha com Sintomas Depressivos (MCT-Silver)
Silva, C. F. B. D. (2025) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT)
Audibert, C. (2023) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)
Игоревич, Н. Д., Крюков, В. В., Antipova, O. S., Sapronov, F. A., & Краснов, В. Н. (2025) · Психиатрия психотерапия и клиническая психология · doi:10.34883/pi.2025.16.4.013
Assessing Stability and Consistency in EEG-Based Functional Brain Network Construction Methods
Qin, F., Chen, H., Guo, H., Li, X., Sun, S., & Hu, B. (2025) · IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM) · doi:10.1109/bibm66473.2025.11356478
Lakhotia, S. V., Godiawala, S. P., Parikh, M. N., Parikh, A. N., Mazumdar, A. B., Akhani, P. S., & Tholiya, M. B. (2026) · Annals of Indian Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/aip.aip_79_25
Digital Biomarkers for Depression Monitoring Using Multisensing Wearable Wristband
Yang, D., Li, Y., Lei, Y., Gao, B., & Luo, L. (2026) · IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement · doi:10.1109/tim.2026.3660443
Taşçı, T., Linhong, Y., Feei, Z., & Zhou, S. (2026) · SAR Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.36346/sarjpn.2026.v07i01.001
How Electrochemical Measurements in the Brain Have Shaped Our Understanding of Depression
Batey, L., Baumberger, B., Prieto, P., & Hashemi, P. (2026) · Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev-anchem-052225-082205
Tonyalı, A., Ocakoğlu, B. K., Koç, E. B., Guney, O., Demirci, S., Soykut, A. E., Şallı, B., Şükret, A. L. E. V., & Karaçetin, G. (2026) · Bozok Tıp Dergisi · doi:10.16919/bozoktip.1785971
Microbiome-based biomarkers for irritable bowel syndrome diagnosis
Kotthapalli, P., & Archer, A. C. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-40483-2.00026-1
Peng, S., Guo, Y., Wang, W., Jiang, G., Liu, Q., Lu, C., Zhong, X., & Guo, L. (2026) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622975.2026.2656652
Tyra, A. T., Griffin, S. M., Garner, S.-B., Muldoon, O. T., Brindle, R. C., Williams, S. E., Fergus, T. A., & Ginty, A. T. (2026) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000529 · Cited by 1
Revolutionizing MDD diagnosis: the integrated role of circRNAs and biosensor technology
Zhu, W., Wang, Y., Yu, C., Pires, N. M. M., Yang, Z., Karlsen, H., Jing, W., Yao, H., Han, B., Ouyang, J., et al. (2026) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-026-03581-9
Pakhomova, T. E., Ndung’u, T., Brockman, M. A., Gadermann, A., Salway, T. J., Beksinska, M. E., Rowlands, A., Closson, K., Jesson, J., Vermaak, S., et al. (2026) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2026.101265
Azamet, I., Nakonezny, P. A., Bakır, Ç. N., Sangster-Carrasco, L., Delaney, K., & Croarkin, P. E. (2026) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2026.111761
Okey, S. M., Ayo, J. O., Isa, A. S., & Dawud, F. A. (2026) · Comparative Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1007/s00580-026-03797-9
Srisurapanont, M., Suradom, C., & Suttajit, S. (2026) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2026.101277
Age-dependent association of uric acid levels with depressive symptoms in adults: NHANES 2007–2018
Yao, C., Luo, G., Zhang, M., Fu, Y., Liu, X., Li, Z., Chen, Z., & Li, J. (2026) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-026-03197-x
WONOEP appraisal: Biomarkers and treatment strategies beyond the synapse
Scheper, M., Liu, Z., Galanopoulou, A. S., Hlauschek, G., Sinclair, B., Leung, W. L., Dedeurwaerdere, S., Doran, E., Moshé, S. L., Henshall, D. C., et al. (2026) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1002/epi.70382
Potential of Neurosteroids for Precision Medicine in Psychiatry
Dargan, T., Walton, N. L., & Maguire, J. L. (2026) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.07.009
The role of inflammation and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of depressive disorders: A review
Nikel, K., Stojko, M., Chudy, J., & Smolarczyk, J. (2026) · Annales Academiae Medicae Silesiensis · doi:10.18794/aams/225679
Monk, N. (2023) · Otago University Research Archive (University of Otago)
Chaturvedi, V., & Singh, A. (2026) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2026.117381
Soltani, S., Hartogensis, W., Dilchert, S., Flores, K., Lowry, C. A., Raison, C. L., Hecht, F. M., Smarr, B. L., & Mason, A. E. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1846398
de Faria, D. A., Freire, V. A. F., Marques, D. G. D. M., da Fonseca, P. H. N., Santos, K. D. F., de Oliveira, C. B., Perucci, L. O., Pinheiro, M. B., & Barros-Pinheiro, M. (2026) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-026-01752-9
Amiri, D., Shah, S. J., Briziarelli, L., Amiri, S., & Karlsson, B. (2026) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm16090468
Roberts, B. (2026) · UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) · doi:10.26182/2sk7-0w50
Tarro, G., & Giorgio, G. D. (2026) · British journal of healthcare and medical research · doi:10.14738/bjhr.1305.12207
Depresión en el adulto mayor: Una aproximación desde la neuropsicología
Ferrari-Díaz, M., & Luna-Padilla, J. A. (2026) · DIVULGARE Boletín Científico de la Escuela Superior de Actopan · doi:10.29057/esa.v14iespecial.18278
Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Profiles in Young Adults With Major Depressive Disorder
Buddhisa, S., Bumrungthai, S., Thitiponkunanon, K., Manachaichan, W., & Prakobkaew, N. (2026) · Ramkhamhaeng International Journal of Science and Technology
Low-dose colchicine: a potential augmenting agent in the treatment of refractory mood disorders
Singh, A., Skvarc, D., Lago, J., & Berk, M. P. (2026) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1017/neu.2026.10098
Paganin, W. (2026) · Actas Españolas de Psiquiatría · doi:10.62641/aep.2463
Choi, S., Seo, H.-C., & Jeon, H. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.122674
Metadata
- Authors
- Strawbridge, R., Young, A. H., & Cleare, A. J.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Strawbridge, Rebecca
- Venue
- Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2017-05
- Volume
- Volume 13
- Pages
- 1245-1262
- ISSN
- 1176-6328 (ISSN-L)
- 1178-2021
- OpenAlex
- W3141564337
- Cited by
- 415
- References
- 212
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 57 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 5
- FWCI
- 4.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Funders
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust
- Wellcome Trust
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NF-SI-0616-10091)
- King's College London
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- depression biomarkers, major depressive disorder, inflammation, neurotrophic factors, metabolic biomarkers, neurotransmitters, neuroendocrine system, epigenetics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, neuroimaging, treatment response prediction, patient stratification, personalized medicine, depression heterogeneity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review