The effects of long working hours on mental health among resident physicians in Saudi Arabia
Open accessAbstract
Purpose: To examine the effect of long working hours on anxiety and depression among resident physicians working in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study using an anonymous and confidential self-administered electronic questionnaire. Mental health status (depression and anxiety) is measured using hospital anxiety and depression scale. A multi-stage stratified sampling technique was used. Data were analyzed using the SPSS version 24.0. The Chi-square test and ordinal logistic regression (OLR) were used to test the association. Results: A total of 258 medical residents participated in the study. The prevalence of anxiety was 39.5% (n=102) and depression was 20.9% (n=54). In multivariate OLR against anxiety, working more than 64 hours per week was significantly associated (p=0.013) with an increase in the odds of observing a higher level of anxiety (odds ratio=2.91, 95% confidence interval (CI):1.25-6.77) compared with working up to 40 hours per week after adjusting for age, amount of sleep and exposure to injustice. For the depression multivariate OLR, it would increase the odds of observing a higher level of depression for working 41-48, 49-64 and more than 64 hours per week by 2.21 (95% CI:1.07-4.58, P=0.033), 2.07 (95% CI:1.01-4.27, P=0.049) and 2.37 (95% CI:1.03-5.50, P=0.044) respectively, compared with working up to 40 hours per week and adjusting for the amount of sleep and exposure to injustice. Conclusion: Resident physicians are at increased risk of developing anxiety and depression which is influenced by long working hours and a variety of other factors. Therefore, attention needs to be paid to this association. The implementation of interventions for the prevention and screening of physicians' mental health disorders is needed.
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Long and irregular working hours, irregular sleep schedules, and stress are main drivers associated with sleep disturbances among medical doctors.
“research has identified long and irregular working hours, irregular sleep schedules (52, 60, 61) and stress (48, 54, 58, 59, 62–64) as main drivers associated with sleep disturbances.”
From Sleep disturbances and psychological well-being among military medical doctors of the Swiss Armed Forces: study protocol, rationale and development of a cross-sectional and longitudinal interventional study (2024) · cites this paper as [52]
The Introduction (page not provided) says long working hours cause sleep disturbances, and the Discussion reports an association between working-hour categories and amount of sleep. The paper does not establish irregular working hours, irregular sleep schedules, or stress as drivers of sleep disturbances. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSleep issues among medical doctors may lead to symptoms of depression, anxiety, and burnout.
“These issues may lead to symptoms of depression, anxiety (47–54) and burnout (54–59).”
From Sleep disturbances and psychological well-being among military medical doctors of the Swiss Armed Forces: study protocol, rationale and development of a cross-sectional and longitudinal interventional study (2024) · cites this paper as [52]
The Discussion reports an association between amount of sleep and anxiety and depression among resident physicians, supporting those parts of the hedged claim. The paper does not report a sleep–burnout finding; its burnout mentions appear in reference titles. The study reports associations rather than showing that sleep issues cause symptoms. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- Authors
- Bondagji, D., Fakeerh, M., Alwafi, H., & Khan, A. A.
- Affiliations
- Ministry of Health (SA)
- Umm al-Qura University (SA)
- Corresponding author
- Bondagji, Daniah
- Venue
- Psychology Research and Behavior Management
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2022-06
- Volume
- Volume 15
- Pages
- 1545-1557
- ISSN
- 1179-1578 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9231535
- OpenAlex
- W4283156848
- Cited by
- 31
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 8.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Psychology Research and Behavior Management (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Dove Medical Press (Taylor and Francis Group) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare professionals’ stress and burnout
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Hospital Admissions and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- long working hours, medical residents, physician mental health, anxiety, depression, sleep duration, Mecca
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