Depression, anxiety, stress levels of physicians and associated factors in Covid-19 pandemics
Open accessAbstract
Aim To investigate anxiety, stress, and depression levels of physicians during the Covid-19 outbreak and explored associated factors in both clinical and general site.Methods An online survey is conducted to asses psychological responses of healthcare workers and related factors during Covid-19 outbreak. It is consisted of three subsections covering the following areas: 1) sociodemographic data 2) information on individuals` working condition 3) Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DAS-21).Results Of all 442 participants, 286 (64.7%) had symptoms of depression, 224 (51.6%) anxiety, and 182 (41.2%) stress. Being female, young, and single, having less work experience, working in frontline were associated with higher scores, whereas having a child was associated with lower scores in each subscale. Factors found to be associated with higher DAS-21 total scores in frontline workers were as follows: increased weekly working hours, increased number of Covid-19 patients cared for, lower level of support from peers and supervisors, lower logistic support, and lower feelings of competence during Covid-19 related tasks.Conclusions Our findings highlight the factors which need to be taken into consideration to protect the mental wellbeing of doctors while fighting with a disaster that has major impacts on society worldwide.
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There were no significant differences in the prevalence of stress and depression according to marital status, sex, length of working, and educational level.
“There were no significant differences in the prevalence of stress and depression according to marital status, sex, length of working, and educational level, in contradiction with previous literature [51,52].”
From Seroprevalence of COVID-19 and Psychological Distress among Front Liners at the Universiti Malaysia Sabah Campus during the Third Wave of COVID-19 (2022) · cites this paper as [52]
The citation is attached to “in contradiction with previous literature,” not to the citing authors’ finding of no significant differences. In Results (Factors associated with psychiatric symptoms in the overall sample), this paper reports higher depression and stress scores among women, single physicians, and those with less work experience, supporting the contrast for sex, marital status, and work experience. The passages do not address educational level, and the paper reports scale scores rather than prevalence. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredWorking more during the pandemic was related to depressive symptoms, which could be explained by greater workload, increased number of sick patients, collapse of health services, and lower feelings of satisfaction.
“trabajar más durante la pandemia fue una variable que se relacionó con la presencia de síntomas depresivos, que podría explicarse por la mayor carga laboral, el incremento del número de enfermos, el colapso de los servicios de salud y un menor sentimiento de satisfacción23.”
From Síntomas depresivos en trabajadores de la salud dos años después del inicio de la pandemia COVID-19 en Bogotá, Colombia (2025) · cites this paper as [23]
Even before the pandemic, women had higher prevalence of anxiety, depressive, and eating pathology symptoms.
“women experienced higher prevalence rates of anxiety, depressive, and eating pathology symptoms even prior to the pandemic”
From Prevalence rates of anxiety, depressive, and eating pathology symptoms between the pre- and peri-COVID-19 eras: A meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Elbay et al., 2020
Female gender was associated with higher levels of stress among healthcare workers during viral outbreaks.
“stress (Zhu et al., 2020; Badahdah et al., 2020; Elbay et al., 2020)”
From Impact of viral epidemic outbreaks on mental health of healthcare workers: a rapid systematic review and meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as Elbay et al., 2020
Being female conferred greater risks for depression, anxiety and higher levels of stress.
“Specifically, being female conferred greater risks for depression, anxiety and higher levels of stress (Xiaoming et al., 2020; Pouralizadeh et al., 2020; Elbay et al., 2020; Du et al., 2020; Di Tella et al., 2020; Babore et al., 2020)”
From The psychological impact of COVID-19 and other viral epidemics on frontline healthcare workers and ways to address it: A rapid systematic review (2020) · cites this paper as Elbay et al., 2020
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- Authors
- Elbay, R. Y., Kurtulmuş, A., Arpacıoğlu, S., & Karadere, E.
- Affiliations
- Medeniyet Üniversitesi Göztepe Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi (TR)
- Corresponding author
- Elbay, Rümeysa Yeni
- Venue
- Psychiatry Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-08
- Volume
- 290
- Pages
- 113130
- ISSN
- 0165-1781 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7255248
- OpenAlex
- W3032520924
- Cited by
- 845
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 75 · 2023: 170 · 2022: 273 · 2021: 218 · 2020: 56
- FWCI
- 71.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychiatry Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare professionals’ stress and burnout
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Occupational Health and Burnout
- Keywords
- depression, anxiety, stress, physicians, healthcare workers, COVID-19 pandemic, frontline workers, mental health, working conditions, logistics support, professional competence, working hours
- MeSH terms
- Occupational Stress, Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adult, Anxiety, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Physicians, Pneumonia, Viral, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Coronavirus Infections, Pandemics
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