Cited by 218Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and TreatmentsNeurological diseases and metabolismIron Metabolism and Disorders

The Role of Iron in Neurodegeneration: Prospects for Pharmacotherapy of Parkinson??s Disease

Jellinger, Kurt A.·1999·Drugs & Aging

Abstract

Although the aetiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) and related neurodegenerative disorders is still unknown, recent evidence from human and experimental animal models suggests that a misregulation of iron metabolism, iron-induced oxidative stress and free radical formation are major pathogenic factors. These factors trigger a cascade of deleterious events leading to neuronal death and the ensuing biochemical disturbances of clinical relevance. A review of the available data in PD provides the following evidence in support of this hypothesis: (i) an increase of iron in the brain, which in PD selectively involves neuromelanin in substantia nigra (SN) neurons; (ii) decreased availability of glutathione (GSH) and other antioxidant substances; (iii) increase of lipid peroxidation products and reactive oxygen (O2)species (ROS); and (iv) impaired mitochondrial electron transport mechanisms. Most of these changes appear to be closely related to interactions between iron and neuromelanin, which result in accumulation of iron and a continuous production of cytotoxic species leading to neuronal death. Some of these findings have been reproduced in animal models using 6-hydroxydopamine, N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), iron loading and beta-carbolines, although none of them is an accurate model for PD in humans. Although it is not clear whether iron accumulation and oxidative stress are the initial events causing cell death or consequences of the disease process, ther…

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Crossref · 10.2165/00002512-199914020-00004

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  • Toxic levels of glutamate induce morphological changes in neurons, manifesting in deformed dendrites and expanded rounded neurons.

    “These toxic levels of glutamate induce morphological changes in neurons, manifesting in deformed dendrites and expanded rounded neurons (Reynolds’ and Hastings, 1995; Jellinger, 1999; Adamchik et al., 2000; Robert et al., 2002; Youdim et al., 2002; García et al., 2005), showing degenerative cell (Kang et al., 2020; Erkartal et al., 2025) and neuronal death (Weidinger et al., 2023).”

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Authors
Jellinger, K. A.
Affiliations
Ludwig Boltzmann für Klinische Neurobiologie (AT)
Corresponding author
Jellinger, Kurt A.
Venue
Drugs & Aging
Published
1999
Volume
14
Issue
2
Pages
115-140
ISSN
1170-229X (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2072704848
Cited by
218
References
7
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 13
FWCI
12.36
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Drugs & Aging (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological diseases and metabolism
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Iron Metabolism and Disorders
Keywords
Parkinson's disease, iron metabolism, iron overload, oxidative stress, free radicals, neuromelanin, substantia nigra, glutathione, lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial electron transport chain, neuronal cell death, Parkinson's disease model, neuroprotection, iron chelators, lazaroids, antioxidants, dopamine agonists, monoamine oxidase B inhibitors, catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors
MeSH terms
Animals, Drug Interactions, Forecasting, Humans, Iron, Melanins, Models, Biological, Nervous System Diseases, Parkinson Disease, Oxidative Stress

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