Brain iron and ferritin in Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases
Abstract
Semiquantitative histological evaluation of brain iron and ferritin in Parkinson's (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (DAT) have been performed in paraffin sections of brain regions which included frontal cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia and brain stem. The results indicate a significant selective increase of Fe3+ and ferritin in substantia nigra zona compacta but not in zona reticulata of Parkinsonian brains, confirming the biochemical estimation of iron. No such changes were observed in the same regions of DAT brains. The increase of iron is evident in astrocytes, macrophages, reactive microglia and non-pigmented neurons, and in damaged areas devoid of pigmented neurons. In substantia nigra of PD and PD/DAT, strong ferritin reactivity was also associated with proliferated microglia. A faint iron staining was seen occasionally in peripheral halo of Lewy bodies. By contrast, in DAT and PD/DAT, strong ferritin immunoreactivity was observed in and around senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. The interrelationship between selective increase of iron and ferritin in PD requires further investigation, because both changes could participate in the induction of oxidative stress and neuronal death, due to their ability to promote formation of oxygen radicals.
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The brain is very susceptible to oxidative stress because it is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, has high oxygen consumption, has a high content of metals, especially iron, that can catalyze oxidative reactions, and has fewer antioxidant enzymes than other organs.
“The brain is very susceptible to OS because it is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, has a high oxygen consumption and a high content of metals in particular, iron, that can catalyze oxidative reactions, in contrast, it has less antioxidant enzymes in comparison with other organs [28].”
From Role of Oxidative Damage in Alzheimer’s Disease and Neurodegeneration: From Pathogenic Mechanisms to Biomarker Discovery (2021) · cites this paper as [28]
Protein oxidation, nucleic acid oxidation, and lipid peroxidation are markers of oxidative stress described as early alterations in the Alzheimer's disease brain, supporting the oxidative stress hypothesis of AD pathogenesis.
“All of these markers of OS have been described as an early alteration in the AD brain, and this concept has been used in the past to support the ‘oxidative stress hypothesis’ in the pathogenesis of AD [20,28,29,30].”
From Role of Oxidative Damage in Alzheimer’s Disease and Neurodegeneration: From Pathogenic Mechanisms to Biomarker Discovery (2021) · cites this paper as [28]
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- Authors
- Jellinger, K., Paulus, W., Grundke-Iqbal, I., Riederer, P., & Youdim, M. B. H.
- Affiliations
- Ludwig Boltzmann für Klinische Neurobiologie (AT)
- University of Würzburg (DE)
- Technion – Israel Institute of Technology (IL)
- Venue
- Journal of Neural Transmission - Parkinson's Disease and Dementia Section
- Published
- 1990-12
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 327-340
- ISSN
- 0936-3076 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2033317847
- Cited by
- 445
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 9.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neural Transmission - Parkinsons Disease and Dementia Section (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological diseases and metabolism
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Iron Metabolism and Disorders
- Keywords
- brain iron, ferritin, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, substantia nigra, iron overload, Lewy bodies, amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, microglia, astrocytes, oxidative stress, neuronal cell death
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alzheimer Disease, Brain, Brain Chemistry, Female, Ferritins, Humans, Iron, Male, Melanins, Parkinson Disease
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