Physical Activity, Calcium Intake and Bone Health in Children and Adolescents
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a serious and potentially debilitating disease, which can lead to a variety of health complications and a diminished quality of life. Consequently, the development of bone mineral density (BMD) and content (BMC) during childhood and adolescence is of great importance, as it may attenuate the effects and incidence of osteoporosis later in life. Identifying the mechanisms by which bones are strengthened early in life is crucial. This review highlights research examining factors that influence BMD and BMC in children and adolescents. While a sizeable amount of variation in BMD and BMC in children and adolescents can be attributed to genetic factors and body size, studies have also shown the positive influence of physical activity and calcium intake on bone development. Research supporting the role of these modifiable factors varies according to age, sex and the bone site studied. During the pubertal years, large gains in BMD and BMC are evident. However, physical activity and calcium intake are also important to the development of BMD and BMC during the prepubertal years. Thus, actions taken throughout childhood may exert a great impact on BMD and BMC, and overall bone health as an adult.
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During childhood and adolescence, it is necessary to engage in weight-bearing physical activities, such as running and jumping, in order to attain peak bone mass and maintain healthy bone mineral accrual.
“During childhood and adolescence, it is necessary to engage in weight-bearing physical activities, such as running and jumping, in order to attain peak bone mass and maintain healthy bone mineral accrual.64–67”
From Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) (2020) · cites this paper as [67]
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- Authors
- Ondrak, K. S., & Morgan, D. W.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Middle Tennessee State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ondrak, Kristin S
- Venue
- Sports Medicine
- Published
- 2007
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 587-600
- ISSN
- 0112-1642 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2014565783
- Cited by
- 97
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 6.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Sports Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Vitamin D Research Studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology › Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies
- Keywords
- physical activity, calcium intake, bone mineral density, bone mineral content, bone health, children, adolescents, osteoporosis prevention, puberty, genetic factors, body size
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Bone Development, Calcium, Dietary, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Osteoporosis, Exercise, Bone Density
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