The DOI matches its Crossref record; 173 of the 173 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Exercise and Bone Mass in Adults
Open accessAbstract
There is a substantial body of evidence indicating that exercise prior to the pubertal growth spurt stimulates bone growth and skeletal muscle hypertrophy to a greater degree than observed during growth in non-physically active children. Bone mass can be increased by some exercise programmes in adults and the elderly, and attenuate the losses in bone mass associated with aging. This review provides an overview of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies performed to date involving training and bone measurements. Cross-sectional studies show in general that exercise modalities requiring high forces and/or generating high impacts have the greatest osteogenic potential. Several training methods have been used to improve bone mineral density (BMD) and content in prospective studies. Not all exercise modalities have shown positive effects on bone mass. For example, unloaded exercise such as swimming has no impact on bone mass, while walking or running has limited positive effects. It is not clear which training method is superior for bone stimulation in adults, although scientific evidence points to a combination of high-impact (i.e. jumping) and weight-lifting exercises. Exercise involving high impacts, even a relatively small amount, appears to be the most efficient for enhancing bone mass, except in postmenopausal women. Several types of resistance exercise have been tested also with positive results, especially when the intensity of the exercise is high and the speed of movement elevated. A handful of other studies have reported little or no effect on bone density. However, these results may be partially attributable to the study design, intensity and duration of the exercise protocol, and the bone density measurement techniques used. Studies performed in older adults show only mild increases, maintenance or just attenuation of BMD losses in postmenopausal women, but net changes in BMD relative to control subjects who are losing bone mass are beneficial in decreasing fracture risk. Older men have been less studied than women, and although it seems that men may respond better than their female counterparts, the experimental evidence for a dimorphism based on sex in the osteogenic response to exercise in the elderly is weak. A randomized longitudinal study of the effects of exercise on bone mass in elderly men and women is still lacking. It remains to be determined if elderly females need a different exercise protocol compared with men of similar age. Impact and resistance exercise should be advocated for the prevention of osteoporosis. For those with osteoporosis, weight-bearing exercise in general, and resistance exercise in particular, as tolerated, along with exercise targeted to improve balance, mobility and posture, should be recommended to reduce the likelihood of falling and its associated morbidity and mortality. Additional randomized controlled trials are needed to determine the most efficient training loads depending on age, sex, current bone mass and training history for improvement of bone mass.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In a second study, site-specific increases in bone density by resistance training happened in 50–70 year-old postmenopausal women and men who exercised ~3–4 days each week for 1 yr (212).”
From Lack of Exercise Is a Major Cause of Chronic Diseases (2012) · cites this paper as [212]
In the citing paper
“As in the first study, inactive “control” subjects lost bone mass.”
From Lack of Exercise Is a Major Cause of Chronic Diseases (2012) · cites this paper as [212]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
Effect of Treadmill Exercise on Bone Mass in Female Rats
Iwamoto, J., Takeda, T., & Satō, Y. (2005) · EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS · doi:10.1538/expanim.54.1 · Cited by 89
RetractedExercise and Physical Activity for Older Adults
Chodzko-Zajko, W. J., Proctor, D. N., Fiatarone Singh, M. A., Minson, C. T., Nigg, C. R., Salem, G. J., & Skinner, J. S. (2009) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181a0c95c · Cited by 5,153
Professor Kanis, J. A., Melton, L. J., Christiansen, C., Johnston, C. C., & Khaltaev, N. (1994) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1002/jbmr.5650090802 · Cited by 3,849
Risk Factors for Hip Fracture in White Women
Cummings, S. R., Nevitt, M. C., Browner, W. S., Stone, K., Fox, K. M., Ensrud, K. E., Cauley, J., Black, D., & Vogt, T. M. (1995) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199503233321202 · Cited by 3,595
ASSESSMENT OF FRACTURE RISK AND ITS APPLICATION TO SCREENING FOR POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS
Alexeeva, L. P., Burkhardt, P., Christiansen, C., Cooper, C. C., Delmas, P. D., Johnell, O., Johnston, C. C., Kanis, J. A., Lips, P. T. A. M., Melton, L. J., et al. (1994) · Cited by 2,655
(1994) · PubMed · Cited by 2,534
Bone Quality — The Material and Structural Basis of Bone Strength and Fragility
Seeman, E., & Delmas, P. D. (2006) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra053077 · Cited by 2,157
Bone “mass” and the “mechanostat”: A proposal
Frost, H. M. (1987) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.1092190104 · Cited by 2,132
Fundamentals of Resistance Training: Progression and Exercise Prescription
KRAEMER, W. J., & RATAMESS, N. A. (2004) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000121945.36635.61 · Cited by 1,992 · cited 2×
“Standard resistance-training protocols enhance muscle mass,([128-131]) and in several cases bone mass,([114,132]) in young women.”
BackgroundResultExercise and the immune system: regulation, integration, and adaptation
Pedersen, B. K., & Hoffman-Goetz, L. (2000) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.2000.80.3.1055 · Cited by 1,710
Research works printed but not linked: 11
- Rittweger, 2007, J Musculoskel Neuron Interact, 7, 191
- Skerry, 2006, J Musculoskel Neuron Interact, 6, 122
- 1994, World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser, 843, 1
- Yeh, 1993, Am J Physiol, 264, E182
- Wronski, 1991, Cell Mater Suppl, 1, 69
- Hetland, 1993, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 77, 770
- Vicente-Rodriguez, 2006, Sports Med, 36, 561, 10.2165/00007256-200636070-00002 · DOI
- Calbet, 2001, Med Sci Sports Exerc, 33, 1682, 10.1097/00005768-200110000-00011 · DOI
- Egan, 2006, Bone, 38, 227, 10.1016/j.bone.2005.08.024 · DOI
- Madeo, 2007, Clin Interv Aging, 2, 305
- Wyshak, 1987, Obstet Gynecol, 69, 121
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–395 of 395
Rugbeer, N., & Mogatla, L. (2017) · Ageing International · doi:10.1007/s12126-017-9309-3 · Cited by 1
Llopis, E., Gómez, M. P. A., Idoate, F., & Padrón, M. (2021) · Medical radiology · doi:10.1007/174_2020_265 · Cited by 1
Koidou, E., Tsorlakis, N., Papadopoulou, S. K., & Georgios, G. (2022) · Biomarkers in disease · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-81304-8_63-1 · Cited by 1
A influência da Sarcopenia na densidade mineral óssea de homens idosos
Pereira, F. B. (2014) · RIUnB Institutional Repository (University of Brasília) · doi:10.26512/2014.12.t.18056 · Cited by 1
Schwean-Lardner, K. V. (2011) · University Library - University of Saskatchewan (University of Saskatchewan) · Cited by 1
THE EFFECT OF FLUID SHEAR STRESS ON GROWTH PLATE CHONDROCYTES
Denison, T. A. (2009) · Cited by 1
Functional Mobility of Community-Dwelling Older Persons: An Ethnographic Pre-Feasibility Study
Wisnesky, U. D. (2019) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3-h5j3-ha98 · Cited by 1
Pinsach, P., & Chulvi‐Medrano, I. (2011) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)
Bone markers and cytokines in response to low-impact, high-intensity exercise
Mezil, Y. (2014) · Brock University Digital Repository (Brock University)
Efeitos de um programa de exercícios físicos em crianças e adolescentes com dermatomiosite juvenil
Omori, C. H. (2014) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.5.2014.tde-05092014-085516
Relación entre masa ósea y agilidad en personas mayores
Gómez‐Cabello, A., Vicente‐Rodríguez, G., González‐Agüero, A., Ara, I., & Casajús, J. A. (2010) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja)
Exercise and Osteoporosis: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis
Kelley, G. A. (2011) · doi:10.21236/ada554471
Montero, C. C. (2011) · Buleria (Universidad de León) · doi:10.18002/10612/1619
Anabolic Training Response and Clinical Implications
Sundell, J. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-396454-0.00035-7
Månsson, O. (2015) · Gothenburg University Publications Electronic Archive (Gothenburg University)
Altman, A., & Shoenfeld, Y. (2012) · PubMed
Quirk, D. A. (2013) · Library and Archives Canada (Government of Canada)
Sclerostin: A Novel Key to Bone and Dental Treatment
Carlo (2012) · Current Research in Dentistry · doi:10.3844/crdsp.2012.18.26
Physiological Changes Affecting the Nutritional Needs of Masters Athletes
Jenkins, D. G., Skinner, T. L., & Bolam, K. A. (2014) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b17541-2
Ferry, B., Lespessailles, É., Rochcongar, P., Duclos, M., & Courteix, D. (2013) · Revue du Rhumatisme · doi:10.1016/j.rhum.2012.11.001
BONE LOSS IN RELATION TO HYPOTHALAMIC ATROPHY IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
Loskutova, N. (2011)
Treinamento de força e morbidades geriátricas: uma revisão
Antonini, T. C., Fiamoncini, R. L., & da Cruz, I. B. M. (2010) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)
Reply to Martyn-St. James and Carroll
Guadalupe‐Grau, A., Pérez‐Gómez, J., Olmedillas, H., Chavarren, J., Dorado, C., Santana, A., Serrano, J. A., & Calbet, J. A. L. (2009) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00557.2009
Self-citationTHE ROLE OF WALKING AND RUNNING VELOCITY ON OSTEOGENIC POTENTIAL
Ebben, W. P., Neahous, S. M., & Laskowski, K. D. (2014) · ISBS - Conference Proceedings Archive
Prática e Ensino de Canoagem: Uma modalidade Alternativa e Promissora
Alves, C. R. R., Klausener, C., do Nascimento, E. F., & Böhme, M. T. S. (2011) · Revista de Cultura e Extensão USP · doi:10.11606/issn.2316-9060.v6i0p81-88
The impact of exercising on bone mineral density in women
Carvalho, N. A. D. A. (2014) · Journal of Exercise Sports & Orthopedics · doi:10.15226/2374-6904/1/3/00117
Neuromuscular function and bone geometry and strength in aging
Rantalainen, T. (2010) · Jyväskylä University Digital Archive (University of Jyväskylä)
The Effects of the Wii Fit Plus on Bone Mineral Density and Flexibility in Adults
Potenzini, N. T. (2011) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network)
Metabolic Health in the Aging Female: Human Perspective
Ryan, A. S. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-8630-5_7
Humana, F., & Pithon‐Curi, T. C. (2012)
Translational studies into the effects of exercise on estimated bone strength
Weatherholt, A. M. (2015) · IUScholarWorks (Indiana University) · doi:10.7912/c2/1391
Optimizing Exercise Performance in Older Adults
Prince, D. Z., & Bartels, M. N. (2016) · Current Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Reports · doi:10.1007/s40141-016-0110-0
Osteoporosis: Exercise and Safe Movement
Zarowny, Y. (2011) · Canadian Pharmacists Journal / Revue des Pharmaciens du Canada · doi:10.3821/1913-701x-144.suppl1.s16b
Sanchez, T. A. (2014) · Language arts journal of Michigan
van Nugteren, K. (2012) · Bohn Stafleu van Loghum eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-313-9189-9_3
Bone strength, load tolerance and injury risk in elite Australian football
Hart, N. H. (2015) · Australasian Journal of Paramedicine
Prevention of Chronic Conditions and Cancer
McCarthy, A. L., Skinner, T. L., Fenech, M. F., & Keating, S. E. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-1844-2_7
Bone adaptations in male collegiate-level cheerleaders
Roberts, D. (2013) · Holmes Museum Of Anthropology (Wichita State University)
Das Organ Knochen – Histologie und Zellmechanismen
Seubert, B., van Griensven, M., & Balmayor, E. R. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-44991-8_1
Physical activity and bone turnover in women with osteopenia
Peric, D., Kovačev-Zavišić, B., Međedović, B., Romanov, R., Ahmetović, Z., Novaković-Paro, J., & Dimitric, M. (2017) · Vojnosanitetski pregled · doi:10.2298/vsp160303003p
Buchner, A. A. (2013) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network)
HIGH-IMPACT DROP EXERCISE ALTERS MECHANICAL PROPERTIES IN OSTEOPENIC BONE
Asano, F. S., Val, F., Serafim, T. T., Falcai, M. J., Okubo, R., & Shimano, A. C. (2017) · Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte · doi:10.1590/1517-869220172304170466
Bone health in elite ballet dancers: a multidisciplinary approach.
Amorim, T. (2017) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) · doi:10.34626/9ybe-bn20
Acute Exercise Can Protect a Newly Acquired Procedural Skill
Jo, J. S. (2017) · OakTrust (Texas A&M University Libraries)
Biomechanische Eigenschaften von ausgewählten Körperstrukturen
Kunz, M., & Karanikas, K. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-45052-5.00012-8
Biomechanische Aspekte des Trainings in der Therapie
Karanikas, K., Froböse, I., & Fiehn, R. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-47562-7.00004-9
Perez, R. R. M. (2016) · Gredos (University of Salamanca) · doi:10.14201/gredos.133037
Perbandingan Massa Tulang Sebelum dan Sesudah Melakukan Senam Zumba pada Wanita Dewasa
Senduk, M. N. W., Polii, H., & Doda, D. V. D. (2019) · Jurnal Biomedik JBM · doi:10.35790/jbm.11.1.2019.23206
Nutrition et activité physique : une combinaison gagnante pour la santé osseuse
Grégoire‐Pelchat, P., Marcotte‐Chénard, A., Riesco, É., & Mailhot, G. (2019) · Nutrition, science en évolution · doi:10.7202/1062453ar
Building (and Keeping) Strong Bones
Bushman, B. A. (2013) · ACSMʼs Health & Fitness Journal · doi:10.1249/fit.0b013e3182a951b8
Murai, I. H., Roschel, H., & Gualano, B. (2019) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgz109
Study of DXA-derived cortical bone thickness in assessing hip fracture risk
Long, Y. (2014) · Mspace (University of Manitoba)
Sarcopenia and Bone Mass Loss as Risks during Aging on Female Elderly with Light Activity
Astuti, Y., Noor, Z., & Rahmah, R. (2021) · Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.3889/oamjms.2021.5865
Comparison of the effect of bone induction with different exercise modes in mice
Liu, J., He, H., Tang, L., Peng, Y., Mu, J., Lan, L., Chen, C., Dong, Z., & Cheng, L. (2022) · Bio-Medical Materials and Engineering · doi:10.3233/bme-211341
Anabolic Training Response and Clinical Implications
Sundell, J. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813922-6.00035-7
Moga, T. D., Moga, I., Sabau, M., Venter, A. C., Romanescu, D. D., Bimbó-Szuhai, E., Costas, L. M., Huniadi, A. C., & Rahota, D. (2022) · Geriatrics · doi:10.3390/geriatrics7050102
Clissold, T. L., Cronin, J. B., Souza, M. J. D., & Winwood, P. (2022) · Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.26420/jfammed.2022.1287
Program design considerations for bone health in premenopausal women
Clissold, T. L., Cronin John, B., Souza, M. D., & Winwood Paul, W. (2022) · Archives of Sports Medicine and Physiotherapy · doi:10.17352/asmp.000015
Physical Activity and Alterations of Bone Metabolism and Sarcopenia
Elvar, J. R. H. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-26614-0_13
Boz, M., & Güzel, İ. (2021) · Indian Journal of Orthopaedics Surgery · doi:10.18231/j.ijos.2021.051
Larasati, R. A., Farsida, F., Handayani, T., Harlyana, C., Sugiharto, G., & Insyiera, N. (2023) · Abdi Masyarakat · doi:10.58258/abdi.v5i2.6121
Suominen, T. H., Rantalainen, T., Hyvärinen, M., Kujala, U. M., Aukee, P., Tammelin, T., Laakkonen, E. K., & Sipilä, S. (2024) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000003631
Impact of Medial Tibial Overresection on Bone Mineral Density in Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty
Sakai, S., Kuriyama, S., Morita, Y., Nishitani, K., Nakamura, S., & Matsuda, S. (2025) · Journal of Orthopaedic Research® · doi:10.1002/jor.70045
Brance, M. L., Gregorio, S. D., Stieben, L. A. R., Barquero, L. M. D. R., & Brun, L. R. (2025) · Journal of Bone Metabolism · doi:10.11005/jbm.25.865
Ružić, L., Rakovac, M., Bilić-Čurčić, I., Jakovac, D., & Berković, M. C. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13182328
Bone Health in Handball Players: The Role of Exercise
Papadopoulou, Z., Vrampa, E. M., Vasiliadis, A. V., & Galanis, N. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.95883
Walkability, fine particulate matter and risk of Osteoporosis: A cohort study in China
Qiu, J., Shen, P., Hu, J., Zhu, Z., Xu, L., Zhang, J., Li, Z., Lin, H., Shui, L., Tong, F., et al. (2025) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121661
Effects of Jump Training on Bone Mineral Density in Young Adult Females
Zagdsuren, B. (2014) · TopSCHOLAR (Western Kentucky University)
Physical activity, osteoporosis, and fracture risk : long-term associations in a general population
Morseth, B. (2011) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives
Cardoso, D. F., Marques, E. A., Leal, D. V., Ferreira, A., Baker, L. A., Smith, A. C., & Viana, J. L. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12781348
Cardoso, D. F., Marques, E. A., Leal, D. V., Ferreira, A., Baker, L. A., Smith, A. C., & Viana, J. L. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12781342
Cardoso, D. F., Marques, E. A., Leal, D. V., Ferreira, A., Baker, L. A., Smith, A. C., & Viana, J. L. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12781345
Development of a Bone Stress Injury in a Runner With Type 1 Diabetes: A Case Report
Morgan, C., & VanWye, W. R. (2025) · JOSPT Cases · doi:10.2519/josptcases.2025.0112
Diverse exercise modalities in alleviating osteoporosis: A narrative review
Zou, W., & Liu, R. (2026) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-026-04551-5
Role of bone microarchitecture and hereditary determinants of bone fragility
Nagy, H. A. A. M. (2013) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/950dc642z816dz4693za1e6za963d3d33fff
Shinohara, I., Kusunose, M., Nishimoto, H., Inui, A., Mifune, Y., Yamaura, K., Ehara, Y., Takigami, S., Osawa, S., Nakabayashi, D., et al. (2026) · Journal of Orthopaedic Research® · doi:10.1002/jor.70225
Barros, A. S. S. B. (2023) · RCMOS - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar O Saber · doi:10.51473/rcmos.v1i1.2023.2509
Xu, S., Wen, S., Zong, X., Jianwei, Z., Du, Q., Li, Y., Wang, K., Cao, P. H., Ding, C., Zhang, Y., et al. (2026) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.70617
Dávila-Grisalez, A. A., Tascón-Martínez, Y. A., Gómez, J. A. R., Calderón-González, J. C., Bedoya-Salazar, D. M., Bonilla, D. A., & Quiceno, C. A. M. (2026) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2026.1811518
Gerber, G., & Zysset, P. K. (2026) · Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology · doi:10.1007/s10237-026-02106-1
Wang, L., & Guo, W. (2026) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1904464
Bone adaptation models: From Wolff's law to modern views
Castoldi, N. M., Pivonka, P., & Sansalone, V. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-26739-0.00006-5
Verletzungen des Unterschenkels und des Sprunggelenks
Kunz, M., & Schulte-Frei, B. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-47565-8.00020-4
Wagner, D. R., Heath, E. M., & Gustavus, M. (2026) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.71058
Reverte-Pagola, G., Delgado, J. L. G., Wing, D., & Sañudo, B. (2026) · Current Osteoporosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11914-026-00988-9
Vlattas, G., Wang, X., Ortaglia, A., Hong, S., & Torres-McGehee, T. M. (2026) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2026.1953641
Fosson, E. R. (2012) · ScholarsArchive (Brigham Young University)
Metadata
- Authors
- Guadalupe-Grau, A., Fuentes, T., Guerra, B., & Calbet, J. A. L.
- Affiliations
- Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ES)
- Venue
- Sports Medicine
- Published
- 2009-05
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 439-468
- ISSN
- 0112-1642 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1994435931
- Cited by
- 397
- References
- 172
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 5.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Sports Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Acceda (Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Hispana (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- UVaDOC UVaDOC University of Valladolid Documentary Repository (University of Valladolid) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Effects of Vibration on Health
- Keywords
- physical activity, bone mass, bone mineral density, osteoporosis prevention, high-impact exercise, resistance training, weight-bearing exercise, postmenopausal women, aging, bone loss, fracture risk, sex differences, older adults, swimming, walking and running, muscle hypertrophy, fall prevention, exercise intensity and duration, skeletal muscle hypertrophy, pubertal growth
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aging, Animals, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Osteoporosis, Sex Factors, Exercise, Bone Density, Weight-Bearing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
