Exercise and the immune system: regulation, integration, and adaptation

Pedersen, Bente Klarlund; Hoffman-Goetz, Laurie

doi:10.1152/physrev.2000.80.3.1055

Cited by 1,710Exercise and Physiological ResponsesStress Responses and CortisolPhysical Activity and Health

Exercise and the immune system: regulation, integration, and adaptation

Pedersen, Bente Klarlund, Hoffman-Goetz, Laurie·2000·Physiological Reviews

DOI 10.1152/physrev.2000.80.3.1055

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Abstract

Stress-induced immunological reactions to exercise have stimulated much research into stress immunology and neuroimmunology. It is suggested that exercise can be employed as a model of temporary immunosuppression that occurs after severe physical stress. The exercise-stress model can be easily manipulated experimentally and allows for the study of interactions between the nervous, the endocrine, and the immune systems. This review focuses on mechanisms underlying exercise-induced immune changes such as neuroendocrinological factors including catecholamines, growth hormone, cortisol, beta-endorphin, and sex steroids. The contribution of a metabolic link between skeletal muscles and the lymphoid system is also reviewed. The mechanisms of exercise-associated muscle damage and the initiation of the inflammatory cytokine cascade are discussed. Given that exercise modulates the immune system in healthy individuals, considerations of the clinical ramifications of exercise in the prevention of diseases for which the immune system has a role is of importance. Accordingly, drawing on the experimental, clinical, and epidemiological literature, we address the interactions between exercise and infectious diseases as well as exercise and neoplasia within the context of both aging and nutrition.

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Crossref · 10.1152/physrev.2000.80.3.1055

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During exercise, lymphocytes and neutrophils are mobilized to the blood.
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Stock, J. L., Coderre, J. A., McDONALD, B., & Rosenwasser, L. J. (1989) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-68-2-364 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Moderate exercise triggers both priming and activation of neutrophil subpopulations
Smith, J. A., Gray, A. B., Pyne, D. B., Baker, M. S., Telford, R. D., & Weidemann, M. J. (1996) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1996.270.4.r838 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Exercise, immunity and aging
Venkatraman, J. T., & Fernandes, G. (1997) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/bf03340127 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Neurotransmitter-lymphocyte interactions: dual receptor modulation of lymphocyte proliferation and cAMP production
Carlson, S. L., Brooks, W. H., & Roszman, T. L. (1989) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/0165-5728(89)90109-4 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Acute Infection: Metabolic Responses, Effects on Performance, Interaction with Exercise, and Myocarditis
Friman, G., & Ilbäck, N. ‐. (1998) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2007-971990 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Lymphocyte proliferation in response to exercise
Nielsen, H. B., & Pedersen, B. K. (1997) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s004210050175 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citation
Carbohydrate affects natural killer cell redistribution but not activity after running
Nieman, D. C., Henson, D. A., GARNER, E. B., Butterworth, D. E., Warren, B. J., Utter, A. C., Davis, J. M., Fagoaga, O. R., & Nehlsen‐Cannarella, S. L. (1997) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199710000-00007 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Influence of carbohydrate status on immune responses before and after endurance exercise
Mitchell, J. B., Pizza, F. X., Paquet, A. J., Davis, B. J., Forrest, M., & Braun, W. A. (1998) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1998.84.6.1917 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Complement activation after prolonged exercise
Dufaux, B., & Order, U. (1989) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/0009-8981(89)90021-1 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Effect of Acute Physical Exercise on Lymphocyte Subpopulations in Trained and Untrained Subjects
Oshida, Y., Yamanouchi, K., Hayamizu, S., & Sato, Y. (1988) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2007-1024995 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Cytokine immunoreactivity in plasma does not change after moderate endurance exercise
Smith, J. A., Telford, R. D., Baker, M. S., Hapel, A., & Weidemann, M. J. (1992) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1992.73.4.1396 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Effect of Maximal Physical Exercise on T-Lymphocyte Subpopulations and on Interleukin 1 (IL 1) and Interleukin 2 (IL 2) Production in Vitro
Lewicki, R., Tchórzewski, H., Majewska, E., et al. (1988) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2007-1024990 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Influence of Exercise-Induced Plasma Volume Changes on the Interpretation of Biochemical Data Following High-Intensity Exercise
Kargotich, S., Goodman, C., Keast, D. H., Fry, R. W., Garcia‐Webb, P., Crawford, G. P. M., & Morton, A. R. (1997) · Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine · doi:10.1097/00042752-199707000-00006 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Effects of exercise on macrophage activation for antitumor cytotoxicity
Woods, J. A., Davis, J. M., Mayer, E. P., et al. (1994) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1994.76.5.2177 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Exercise does not modify spatial memory, brain autoimmunity, or antibody response in aged F-344 rats
Barnes, C. A., Forster, M. J., Fleshner, M., Ahanotu, E., Laudenslager, M. L., Mazzeo, R. S., Maier, S. F., & Lal, H. (1991) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/0197-4580(91)90038-l · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Effects of elevated plasma noradrenaline concentration on the immune system in humans
Kappel, M., Poulsen, T. D., Galbo, H., & Pedersen, B. K. (1998) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s004210050479 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citation
Exercise increases serum testosterone and sex hormone—binding globulin levels in older men
Zmuda, J. M., Thompson, P. D., & Winters, S. J. (1996) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s0026-0495(96)90258-9 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Lymphocyte, NK and LAK Cell Responses to Maximal Exercise
Nielsen, H. S., Secher, N. H., Kappel, M., Hanel, B., & Pedersen, B. K. (1996) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2007-972809 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citation
GONADOTROPHIN‐RELEASING HORMONE AND HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN TESTS REVEAL THAT BOTH HYPOTHALAMIC AND TESTICULAR ENDOCRINE FUNCTIONS ARE SUPPRESSED DURING ACUTE PROLONGED PHYSICAL EXERCISE
Kujala, U. M., Alén, M., & Huhtaniemi, I. T. (1990) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1990.tb00486.x · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Exercise increases inflammatory macrophage antitumor cytotoxicity
Woods, J. A., Davis, J. M., Mayer, E. P., Ghaffar, A., & Pate, R. R. (1993) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1993.75.2.879 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Exercise Enhances Survival Rate in Mice Infected with Salmonella typhimurium
Cannon, J. G., & Kluger, M. J. (1984) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.3181/00379727-175-41830 · Cited by 63 · see citing works

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The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise
Petersen, A. M. W., & Pedersen, B. K. (2005) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00164.2004 · Cited by 3,100 · see citing works
Self-citation
The anti-inflammatory effects of exercise: Mechanisms and implications for the prevention and treatment of disease
Gleeson, M., Bishop, N. C., Stensel, D. J., Lindley, M. R., Mastana, S. S., & Nimmo, M. A. (2011) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3041 · Cited by 2,470 · see citing works
Muscle as an Endocrine Organ: Focus on Muscle-Derived Interleukin-6
Pedersen, B. K., & Febbraio, M. A. (2008) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.90100.2007 · Cited by 2,388 · see citing works
Self-citation
Does positive affect influence health?
Pressman, S. D., & Cohen, S. (2005) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.925 · Cited by 2,087 · see citing works
Heat Stroke
Bouchama, A., & Knochel, J. P. (2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra011089 · Cited by 1,898 · see citing works
Evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in chronic disease
Pedersen, B. K., & Saltin, B. (2006) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2006.00520.x · Cited by 1,384 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effects of stress on immune function: The good, the bad, and the beautiful
Dhabhar, F. S. (2014) · Immunologic Research · doi:10.1007/s12026-014-8517-0 · Cited by 1,343 · see citing works
The compelling link between physical activity and the body's defense system
Nieman, D. C., & Wentz, L. M. (2019) · Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2018.09.009 · Cited by 1,340 · see citing works
Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines
Severinsen, M. C. K., & Pedersen, B. K. (2020) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/endrev/bnaa016 · Cited by 1,226 · see citing works
“Following longduration exercise of high intensity, the concentration of lymphocytes falls below pre-exercise values whereas the neutrophil number continues to increase (202, 203).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
The Effects of Physical Activity on Serum C-Reactive Protein and Inflammatory Markers
Kasapis, C., & Thompson, P. D. (2005) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.12.077 · Cited by 1,149 · see citing works
IL-6 enhances plasma IL-1ra, IL-10, and cortisol in humans
Steensberg, A., Fischer, C. P., Keller, C., Møller, K., & Pedersen, B. K. (2003) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00074.2003 · Cited by 1,135 · see citing works
Self-citation
Production of interleukin-6 in contracting human skeletal muscles can account for the exercise-induced increase in plasma interleukin-6
Steensberg, A., van Hall, G., Osada, T., Sacchetti, M., Saltin, B., & Pedersen, B. K. (2000) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.00237.x · Cited by 1,095 · see citing works
Self-citation
Voluntary running suppresses tumor growth through epinephrine- and IL-6-dependent NK cell mobilization and redistribution
Pedersen, L., Idorn, M., Olofsson, G. H., Lauenborg, B., Nookaew, I., Hansen, R. H., Johannesen, H. H., Becker, J. C., Pedersen, K. S., Dethlefsen, C., et al. (2016) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2016.01.011 · Cited by 888 · see citing works
Self-citation
Muscle‐derived interleukin‐6: mechanisms for activation and possible biological roles
FEBBRAIO, M. A., & PEDERSEN, B. K. (2002) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.01-0876rev · Cited by 875 · see citing works
Self-citation
Role of Myokines in Exercise and Metabolism
Pedersen, B. K., Åkerström, T. C. A., Nielsen, A. R., & Fischer, C. P. (2007) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00080.2007 · Cited by 841 · see citing works
Self-citation
Exercise and IL‐6 infusion inhibit endotoxin‐induced TNF‐α production in humans
Starkie, R., Ostrowski, S. R., Jauffred, S., Febbraio, M., & Pedersen, B. K. (2003) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.02-0670fje · Cited by 790 · see citing works
Self-citation
Role of Inactivity in Chronic Diseases: Evolutionary Insight and Pathophysiological Mechanisms
Booth, F. W., Roberts, C. K., Thyfault, J. P., Ruegsegger, G. N., & Toedebusch, R. G. (2017) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00019.2016 · Cited by 696 · see citing works
Exercise, oxidative stress and hormesis
Radak, Z., Chung, H. Y., Koltai, E., Taylor, A. W., & Goto, S. (2008) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2007.04.004 · Cited by 638 · see citing works
Age-related inflammatory cytokines and disease
Brüünsgaard, H., & Pedersen, B. K. (2003) · Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0889-8561(02)00056-5 · Cited by 608 · see citing works
Self-citation
Muscle‐derived interleukin‐6: possible biological effects
Pedersen, B. K., Steensberg, A., & Schjerling, P. (2001) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.0329c.xd · Cited by 599 · see citing works
Self-citation
Stress-induced redistribution of immune cells–from barracks to boulevards to battlefields: a tale of three hormones–Curt Richter Award winner
Dhabhar, F. S., Malarkey, W. B., Neri, E., & McEwen, B. S. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.05.008 · Cited by 589 · see citing works
“Since exercise induces endocrine changes that are similar to stress (Pedersen and Hoffman-Goetz, 2000; Walsh et al., 2011), these findings are also likely to apply to the effects of exercise on immune cell distribution/function.”
BackgroundInfluential
Searching for the exercise factor: is IL-6 a candidate?
Pedersen (2003) · Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility · doi:10.1023/a:1026070911202 · Cited by 564 · see citing works
An official European Respiratory Society statement on physical activity in COPD
Watz, H., Pitta, F., Rochester, C. L., Garcia-Aymerich, J., ZuWallack, R., Troosters, T., Vaes, A. W., Puhan, M. A., Jehn, M., Polkey, M. I., et al. (2014) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/09031936.00046814 · Cited by 526 · see citing works
Muscle as a secretory organ
Pedersen, B. K. (2013) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c120033 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
Self-citation
Exercise as a Mean to Control Low‐Grade Systemic Inflammation
Mathur, N., & Pedersen, B. K. (2008) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2008/109502 · Cited by 514 · see citing works
Self-citation
Physical exercise as a tool to help the immune system against COVID-19: an integrative review of the current literature
da Silveira, M. P., da Silva Fagundes, K. K., Bizuti, M. R., Starck, É., Rossi, R. C., & de Resende e Silva, D. T. (2021) · Clinical and Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10238-020-00650-3 · Cited by 475 · see citing works
Environmental enrichment in mice decreases anxiety, attenuates stress responses and enhances natural killer cell activity
Benaroya‐Milshtein, N., Hollander, N., Apter, A., Kukulansky, T., Raz, N., Wilf, A., Yaniv, I., & Pick, C. G. (2004) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03587.x · Cited by 439 · see citing works
A Consideration of Biomarkers to be Used for Evaluation of Inflammation in Human Nutritional Studies
Calder, P. C., Ahluwalia, N., Albers, R., Bosco, N., Bourdet-Sicard, R., Haller, D., Holgate, S. T., Jönsson, L. S., Latulippe, M. E., Marcos, A., et al. (2013) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114512005119 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
IL-6 and TNF-α expression in, and release from, contracting human skeletal muscle
Steensberg, A., Keller, C., Starkie, R. L., Osada, T., Febbraio, M. A., & Pedersen, B. K. (2002) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00255.2002 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effects of exercise on lymphocytes and cytokines
Pedersen, B. K., & Toft, A. D. (2000) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.34.4.246 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Self-citation
Neuromuscular blocking agents decrease inflammatory response in patients presenting with acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Forel, J.-M., Roch, A., Marin, V., Michelet, P., Demory, D., Blache, J.-L., Perrin, G., Gainnier, M., Bongrand, P., & Papazian, L. (2006) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000239435.87433.0d · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Exercise and Bone Mass in Adults
Guadalupe-Grau, A., Fuentes, T., Guerra, B., & Calbet, J. A. L. (2009) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200939060-00002 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise: its role in diabetes and cardiovascular disease control
Pedersen, B. K. (2006) · Essays in Biochemistry · doi:10.1042/bse0420105 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effects of long-term voluntary exercise on the mouse hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical axis
Droste, S. K., Gesing, A., Ulbricht, S., Müller, M. B., Linthorst, A. C. E., & Reul, J. M. H. M. (2003) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2003-0097 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Athletic induced iron deficiency: new insights into the role of inflammation, cytokines and hormones
Peeling, P., Dawson, B., Goodman, C., Landers, G., & Trinder, D. (2008) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-008-0726-6 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
AMPK activity is diminished in tissues of IL-6 knockout mice: the effect of exercise.
Kelly, M., Keller, C., Avilucea, P. R., Keller, P., Luo, Z., Xiang, X., Giralt, M., Hidalgo, J., Saha, A. K., Pedersen, B. K., et al. (2004) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.05.188 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Self-citation
Neurobiological effects of exercise on major depressive disorder: A systematic review
Schuch, F. B., Deslandes, A. C., Stubbs, B., Gosmann, N. P., Silva, C. T. B. D., & Fleck, M. P. D. A. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.11.012 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Muscle-derived interleukin-6—a possible link between skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, liver, and brain
Pedersen, B. K., & Febbraio, M. (2005) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2005.04.008 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Self-citation
Plasma levels of interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein are associated with physical inactivity independent of obesity
Fischer, C. P., Berntsen, A., Perstrup, L. B., Eskildsen, P., & Pedersen, B. K. (2007) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2006.00602.x · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Self-citation
Muscle-derived interleukin-6: lipolytic, anti-inflammatory and immune regulatory effects
Pedersen, B. K., Steensberg, A., Keller, P., Keller, C., Fischer, C., Hiscock, N., van Hall, G., Plomgaard, P., & Febbraio, M. A. (2003) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00424-002-0981-z · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Self-citation
Physiological roles of muscle-derived interleukin-6 in response to exercise
Pedersen, B. K., & Fischer, C. P. (2007) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0b013e3280ebb5b3 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Self-citation
Exercise and interleukin-6
Pedersen, B. K., Steensberg, A., & Schjerling, P. (2001) · Current Opinion in Hematology · doi:10.1097/00062752-200105000-00002 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Self-citation
The effect of graded exercise on IL‐6 release and glucose uptake in human skeletal muscle
Helge, J. W., Stallknecht, B., Pedersen, B. K., Galbo, H., Kiens, B., & Richter, E. A. (2003) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2002.030437 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Self-citation
Metabolic adaptation in obesity and type ii diabetes: myokines, adipokines and hepatokines
Oh, K.-J., Lee, D., Kim, W., Han, B., Lee, S., & Bae, K.-H. (2016) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms18010008 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Exercise training in cancer control and treatment
Christensen, J. F., Simonsen, C., & Hojman, P. (2018) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c180016 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Cellular and molecular mechanisms of immunomodulation in the brain through environmental enrichment
Singhal, G., Jaehne, E. J., Corrigan, F., & Baune, B. T. (2014) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2014.00097 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
The physiological regulation of toll‐like receptor expression and function in humans
Lancaster, G. I., Khan, Q., Drysdale, P., Wallace, F., Jeukendrup, A. E., Drayson, M. T., & Gleeson, M. (2005) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2004.081224 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Physical Activity and Cancer Prevention: Pathways and Targets for Intervention
Rogers, C. J., Colbert, L. H., Greiner, J. W., Perkins, S. N., & Hursting, S. D. (2008) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200838040-00002 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Modulation of the tumor vasculature and oxygenation to improve therapy
Siemann, D. W., & Horsman, M. R. (2015) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.06.006 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Endurance training reduces the contraction-induced interleukin-6 mRNA expression in human skeletal muscle
Fischer, C. P., Plomgaard, P., Hansen, A. K., Pilegaard, H., Saltin, B., & Pedersen, B. K. (2004) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00206.2004 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effect of vitamin supplementation on cytokine response and on muscle damage after strenuous exercise
Petersen, E. W., Ostrowski, K., Ibfelt, T., Richelle, M., Offord, E., Halkjær-Kristensen, J., & Pedersen, B. K. (2001) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.2001.280.6.c1570 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Self-citation
Exercise Improves Cognitive Responses to Psychological Stress through Enhancement of Epigenetic Mechanisms and Gene Expression in the Dentate Gyrus
Collins, A., Hill, L. E., Chandramohan, Y., Whitcomb, D., Droste, S. K., & Reul, J. M. H. M. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004330 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Effect of time of day and partial sleep deprivation on plasma concentrations of IL-6 during a short-term maximal performance
Abedelmalek, S., Chtourou, H., Aloui, A., Aouichaoui, C., Souissi, N., & Tabka, Z. (2013) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-012-2432-7 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Creatine supplementation reduces plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and PGE2 after a half-ironman competition
Bassit, R. A., Curi, R., & Costa Rosa, L. F. B. P. (2008) · Amino Acids · doi:10.1007/s00726-007-0582-4 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Carbohydrate and protein intake during exertional heat stress ameliorates intestinal epithelial injury and small intestine permeability
Snipe, R. M. J., Khoo, A., Kitic, C. M., Gibson, P. R., & Costa, R. J. S. (2017) · Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2017-0361 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Four weeks of probiotic supplementation reduces GI symptoms during a marathon race
Pugh, J. N., Sparks, A. S., Doran, D. A., Fleming, S. C., Langan-Evans, C., Kirk, B., Fearn, R., Morton, J. P., & Close, G. L. (2019) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-019-04136-3 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Training Surface and Intensity: Inflammation, Hemolysis, and Hepcidin Expression
PEELING, P., DAWSON, B., GOODMAN, C., LANDERS, G., WIEGERINCK, E. T., SWINKELS, D. W., & TRINDER, D. (2009) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318192ce58 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
High-intensity exercise elicits the mobilization of senescent T lymphocytes into the peripheral blood compartment in human subjects
Simpson, R. J., Florida-James, G. D., Cosgrove, C., Whyte, G. P., Macrae, S., Pircher, H., & Guy, K. (2007) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00007.2007 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Biochemical changes in response to intensive resistance exercise training in the elderly
Bautmans, I., Njemini, R., Vasseur, S., Chabert, H., Moens, L., Demanet, C., & Mets, T. (2005) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000085122 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Decreased intestinal polyp multiplicity is related to exercise mode and gender in ApcMin/+ mice
Mehl, K. A., Davis, J. M., Clements, J. M., Berger, F. G., Pena, M. M., & Carson, J. A. (2005) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00975.2004 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Catecholamine response to exercise in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Wigal, S. B., Nemet, D., Swanson, J. M., Regino, R., Trampush, J., Ziegler, M. G., & Cooper, D. M. (2003) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/01.pdr.0000061750.71168.23 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Infectious episodes before and after a marathon race
Ekblom, B., Ekblom, Ö., & Malm, C. (2006) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2005.00490.x · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Latent Cytomegalovirus infection amplifies CD8 T-lymphocyte mobilisation and egress in response to exercise
Turner, J. E., Aldred, S., Witard, O. C., Drayson, M. T., Moss, P. M., & Bosch, J. A. (2010) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2010.07.239 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Effects of pomegranate supplementation on exercise performance and post-exercise recovery in healthy adults: A systematic review
Ammar, A., Bailey, S. J., Chtourou, H., Trabelsi, K., Turki, M., Hökelmann, A., & Souissi, N. (2018) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114518002696 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
The association between cardiorespiratory fitness and C-reactive protein in subjects with the metabolic syndrome
Aronson, D., Sella, R., Sheikh-Ahmad, M., Kerner, A., Avizohar, O., Rispler, S., Bartha, P., Markiewicz, W., Levy, Y., & Brook, G. J. (2004) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.08.030 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
A size-exclusion-based approach for purifying extracellular vesicles from human plasma
Vanderboom, P. M., Dasari, S., Ruegsegger, G. N., Pataky, M. W., Lucien, F., Heppelmann, C. J., Lanza, I. R., & Nair, K. S. (2021) · Cell Reports Methods · doi:10.1016/j.crmeth.2021.100055 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“It has been shown that exercise-induced muscle tissue damage attracts many circulating cells, including those involved in immunological reactions that remove degraded proteins and stimulate protein synthesis (Pedersen and Hoffman-Goetz, 2000).”
Background
Exercise and inflammation
Febbraio, M. A. (2007) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00414.2007 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
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Authors: Pedersen, B. K., & Hoffman-Goetz, L.
Affiliations: University of Copenhagen (DK)
Department of Infectious Diseases and Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Health Studies and Gerontology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
ORCID: Pedersen, Bente Klarlund
Venue: Physiological Reviews
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Published: 2000-07-01
Volume: 80
Issue: 3
Pages: 1055-1081
ISSN: 0031-9333 (ISSN-L)
1522-1210
DOI: 10.1152/physrev.2000.80.3.1055
OpenAlex: W2285204915
Cited by: 1,710
References: 307
Citations by year: 2026: 65 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 60 · 2023: 78 · 2022: 84 · 2021: 90 · 2020: 96 · 2019: 59 · 2018: 68 · 2017: 65 · 2016: 59 · 2015: 77 · 2014: 76 · 2013: 86 · 2012: 82
FWCI: 8.32
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Physiological Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
Keywords: physical activity, immune system, stress immunology, neuroimmunology, exercise-induced immunosuppression, catecholamines, growth hormone, cortisol, beta-endorphin, sex steroids, inflammatory cytokines, aging, nutrition
MeSH terms: Acute-Phase Reaction, Aging, Animals, Communicable Diseases, Hormones, Humans, Immunity, Cellular, Neoplasms, Experimental, Physical Conditioning, Animal, Exercise

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Exercise and the immune system: regulation, integration, and adaptation

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