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Cited by 204Diabetes Management and ResearchHyperglycemia and glycemic control in critically ill and hospitalized patientsDiabetes Treatment and Management

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Diabetic Ketoacidosis: Risk Factors and Management Strategies

Umpierrez, Guillermo E, Kitabchi, Abbas E·2003·Treatments in Endocrinology
DOI 10.2165/00024677-200302020-00003
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Abstract

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is the most common hyperglycemic emergency in patients with diabetes mellitus. DKA most often occurs in patients with type 1 diabetes, but patients with type 2 diabetes are susceptible to DKA under stressful conditions, such as trauma, surgery, or infections. DKA is reported to be responsible for more than 100 000 hospital admissions per year in the US, and accounts for 4-9% of all hospital discharge summaries among patients with diabetes. Treatment of patients with DKA uses significant healthcare resources and accounts for 1 out of every 4 healthcare dollars spent on direct medical care for adult patients with type 1 diabetes in the US. Recent studies using standardized written guidelines for therapy have demonstrated a mortality rate of less than 5%, with higher mortality rates observed in elderly patients and those with concomitant life-threatening illnesses. Worldwide, infection is the most common precipitating cause for DKA, occurring in 30-50% of cases. Urinary tract infection and pneumonia account for the majority of infections. Other precipitating causes are intercurrent illnesses (i.e., surgery, trauma, myocardial ischemia, pancreatitis), psychological stress, and non-compliance with insulin therapy. The triad of uncontrolled hyperglycemia, metabolic acidosis and increased total body ketone concentration characterizes DKA. These metabolic derangements result from the combination of absolute or relative insulin deficiency and increased leve…

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Metadata

Authors
Umpierrez, G. E., & Kitabchi, A. E.
Affiliations
University of Tennessee Health Science Center (US)
Corresponding author
Umpierrez, Guillermo E
ORCID
Umpierrez, Guillermo E
Venue
Treatments in Endocrinology
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2003
Volume
2
Issue
2
Pages
95-108
ISSN
1175-6349 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.2165/00024677-200302020-00003
OpenAlex
W2055653312
Cited by
204
References
3
Citations by year
2026: 12 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 5
FWCI
2.01
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Treatments in Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hyperglycemia and glycemic control in critically ill and hospitalized patients
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
Keywords
diabetic ketoacidosis, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, hyperglycemic emergencies, precipitating factors, infection, insulin deficiency, counterregulatory hormones, metabolic acidosis, ketone bodies, DKA prevention, diabetes education, hospitalization, mortality
MeSH terms
Acidosis, Bicarbonates, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diagnosis, Differential, Fluid Therapy, Humans, Insulin, Ketones, Phosphates, Potassium, Risk Factors, Diabetic Ketoacidosis

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