The DOI matches its Crossref record; 67 of the 67 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Skin Aging and Menopause: Implications for Treatment
Abstract
The skin is one of the largest organs of the body, which is significantly affected by the aging process and menopause. The significant changes sustained by the skin during the menopause are due to the effect sustained on the skin's individual components. The estrogen receptor has been detected on the cellular components of the skin. Accordingly, dermal cellular metabolism is influenced by the hypoestrogenoemic state of menopause leading to changes in the collagen content, alterations in the concentration of glycoaminoglycans and most importantly the water content. Consequently changes in these basic components leads to an alteration in function compatible with skin aging. Changes in the skin collagen leads to diminished elasticity and skin strength. Collagen content may be measured by various methods such as direct skin biopsy, skin blister assessment for collagen markers and skin thickness measurement. All these variables indicate a reduction in collagen content following menopause. This may be reversed with the administration of estrogen given both topically and systemically.A reduction in hydrophilic glycoaminglycans leads to a direct reduction in water content, which influences the skin turgor. These effects on glycoaminoglycans, due to the hypoestrogenia, have been clearly shown in animal studies and appeared to be rapidly reversed with the application of estrogens. The sum total of these basic effects on the skin leads to wrinkles, the skin condition typifying skin aging.Structures resident in the skin are likewise influenced by menopause. Changes to the cutaneous vascular reactivity are noted following menopause. Capillary blood flow velocity decreases significantly in postmenopausal women. Postmenopausal flushing is due to profound vasodilatation in the dermal papillae. Hair growth is also influenced by the hormonal milieu and consequently hair loss has been associated with the beginning of menopause. Treatments administered for menopause, in particular hormone replacement therapy, appear to alter its effects on the basic components of the skin as well as the more complex structures residing in the skin, consequently retarding the skin aging process.
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“In the skin, A4 and T can be aromatised to oestrogens, which induce beneficial effect on keratinocyte proliferation, production of extracellular matrix components and wound healing (Kanda and Watanabe, 2004a, Kanda and Watanabe, 2004b, Raine-Fenning et al., 2003).”
From Intracrine androgen biosynthesis, metabolism and action revisited (2018) · cites this paper as Raine-Fenning et al., 2003
Citations
Cites
Estrogen production and action
Nelson, L. R., & Bulun, S. E. (2001) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1067/mjd.2001.117432 · Cited by 834
The influence of age and sex on skin thickness, skin collagen and density
SHUSTER, S., BLACK, M. M., & McVITIE, E. (1975) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1975.tb05113.x · Cited by 640
Estrogen accelerates cutaneous wound healing associated with an increase in TGF-β1 levels
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Postmenopausal frontal fibrosing alopecia: A frontal variant of lichen planopilaris
Kossard, S., Lee, M., & Wilkinson, B. (1997) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/s0190-9622(97)70326-8 · Cited by 388
Skin thickness measurement by pulsed ultrasound: its reproducibility, validation and variability
Tan, C. Y., Statham, B. N., Marks, R., & Payne, P. A. (1982) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1982.tb14702.x · Cited by 346
Long‐term effects of the menopause and sex hormones on skin thickness
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Intrinsic and extrinsic factors in skin ageing: a review
Farage, M. A., Miller, K. W., Elsner, P., & Maibach, H. I. (2008) · International Journal of Cosmetic Science · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2494.2007.00415.x · Cited by 950
Steroidogenesis in the skin: Implications for local immune functions
Slominski, A., Zbytek, B., Nikolakis, G., Manna, P. R., Skobowiat, C., Zmijewski, M., Li, W., Janjetovic, Z., Postlethwaite, A., Zouboulis, C. C., et al. (2013) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.02.006 · Cited by 369
Estrogen and skin: The effects of estrogen, menopause, and hormone replacement therapy on the skin
Hall, G. K., & Phillips, T. J. (2005) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2004.08.039 · Cited by 337
Regulatory roles of sex hormones in cutaneous biology and immunology
Kanda, N., & Watanabe, S. (2005) · Journal of Dermatological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2004.10.011 · Cited by 257
Biology of estrogens in skin: implications for skin aging
Verdier‐Sévrain, S., Bonté, F., & Gilchrest, B. A. (2005) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2005.00377.x · Cited by 228
Metadata
- Authors
- Raine-Fenning, N. J., Brincat, M. P., & Muscat-Baron, Y.
- Affiliations
- University of Malta (MT)
- Corresponding author
- Brincat, Mark P
- Venue
- American Journal of Clinical Dermatology
- Published
- 2003
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 371-378
- ISSN
- 1175-0561 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2110977684
- Cited by
- 211
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 1.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Dermatology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Keywords
- skin aging, menopause, estrogen deficiency, estrogen receptor, collagen, skin hydration, skin elasticity, wrinkles, skin turgor, hot flashes, hair loss, hormone replacement therapy, topical estrogen
- MeSH terms
- Acne Vulgaris, Alopecia, Collagen, Drug Eruptions, Esthetics, Estrogens, Extracellular Matrix, Female, Humans, Menopause, Receptors, Estrogen, Skin, Skinfold Thickness, Wound Healing, Bone Density, Skin Aging, Estrogen Replacement Therapy, Hot Flashes
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