Girls' and women's unmet needs for menstrual hygiene management (MHM): the interactions between MHM and sanitation systems in low-income countries
Abstract
While the sanitation sector is gaining increased recognition in policy and research, its inherent inter-linkage with menstrual hygiene management remains an under-researched subject. This review explores knowledge about menstrual beliefs and behaviors, and how women and girls currently handle their monthly menses in relation to existing sanitation systems in low-income countries. It further explores how used menstrual materials are disposed of, and the consequences of different disposal practices for the functioning of sanitation systems. Conclusions point towards the inadequacy of research in the area of menstrual management. The lack of privacy and space for changing, cleaning, drying or discarding materials, as well as insufficient availability of water for personal hygiene stand out as important areas where sanitation systems often fail to cater to the needs of menstruating girls and women. Information on proper disposal of menstrual materials as well as the actual provision of disposal facilities are important for improving menstrual management and ensuring that absorption materials do not impair the functioning of sanitation systems. Training of sanitation system designers and planners with regard to menstrual management could lead to sanitation systems becoming more inclusive of the full needs of all people.
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The disposal of old cloths and pads in bodies of water, the jungle, the mud, or the latrine is consistent with other studies of rural women in India.
“consistent with other studies of rural women in India [8, 63, 64].”
From ’It’s like a burden on the head’: Redefining adequate menstrual hygiene management throughout women’s varied life stages in Odisha, India. (2019) · cites this paper as [63]
As more women transition to commercial and non-biodegradable products for managing menstruation, latrine fill up and environmental accumulation will be increasingly urgent.
“however as more women transition to commercial and non-biodegradable products for managing menstruation, latrine fill up and environmental accumulation will be increasingly urgent [63, 65, 66].”
From ’It’s like a burden on the head’: Redefining adequate menstrual hygiene management throughout women’s varied life stages in Odisha, India. (2019) · cites this paper as [63]
Environmental impact and threats to latrines and sanitation systems are already a concern.
“Environmental impact and threats to latrines and sanitation systems are already a concern”
From ’It’s like a burden on the head’: Redefining adequate menstrual hygiene management throughout women’s varied life stages in Odisha, India. (2019) · cites this paper as [63]
Such low attention could also point to societal taboos and inadequate sensitivity on MHM within the wider society.
“Such low attention could also point to societal taboos and inadequate sensitivity on MHM within the wider society [9, 19, 37].”
From Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal (2018) · cites this paper as [37]
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Bring the Change You Want to See: Scripting Women and Girls into India’s Urban Sanitation Actions
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Menstrual hygiene practices among adolescent girls in rural area of India
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- Authors
- Sommer, M., Kjellén, M., & Pensulo, C.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- Stockholm Environment Institute (SE)
- Stockholm International Water Institute (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Sommer, Marni
- Venue
- Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development
- Publisher
- IWA Publishing
- Published
- 2013-02-15
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 283-297
- ISSN
- 2043-9083 (ISSN-L)
- 2408-9362
- OpenAlex
- W2321958725
- Cited by
- 119
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 6.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Menstrual Health and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Studies and Social Issues
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Child Nutrition and Water Access
- Keywords
- menstrual hygiene management, sanitation systems, menstrual product disposal, low-income countries, sanitation system design, inclusive sanitation
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