Algal biofuels from wastewater treatment high rate algal ponds
Abstract
This paper examines the potential of algae biofuel production in conjunction with wastewater treatment. Current technology for algal wastewater treatment uses facultative ponds, however, these ponds have low productivity (∼10 tonnes/ha.y), are not amenable to cultivating single algal species, require chemical flocculation or other expensive processes for algal harvest, and do not provide consistent nutrient removal. Shallow, paddlewheel-mixed high rate algal ponds (HRAPs) have much higher productivities (∼30 tonnes/ha.y) and promote bioflocculation settling which may provide low-cost algal harvest. Moreover, HRAP algae are carbon-limited and daytime addition of CO(2) has, under suitable climatic conditions, the potential to double production (to ∼60 tonnes/ha.y), improve bioflocculation algal harvest, and enhance wastewater nutrient removal. Algae biofuels (e.g. biogas, ethanol, biodiesel and crude bio-oil), could be produced from the algae harvested from wastewater HRAPs, The wastewater treatment function would cover the capital and operation costs of algal production, with biofuel and recovered nutrient fertilizer being by-products. Greenhouse gas abatement results from both the production of the biofuels and the savings in energy consumption compared to electromechanical treatment processes. However, to achieve these benefits, further research is required, particularly the large-scale demonstration of wastewater treatment HRAP algal production and harvest.
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The topography for microalgal production should not be elevated from the water source, as this will incur a 6% consumption of energy in pumping for every 100 m elevation.
“and the topography not elevated from the water source, as this will incur a 6% consumption of energy in pumping for every 100 m elevation [32].”
From Key Targets for Improving Algal Biofuel Production (2021) · cites this paper as [32]
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Meneses‐Jácome, A., Diaz-Chavez, R. A., Velásquez, H., Cárdenas‐Chávez, D. L., Parra‐Saldívar, R., & Colorado, Á. A. R. (2015) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.036 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Microalgal Biodiesel Production: Realizing the Sustainability Index
Patnaik, R., & Mallick, N. (2021) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2021.620777 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Manheim, D. C., & Nelson, Y. M. (2013) · Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy · doi:10.1002/ep.11861 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“removals in the range of 50 to 90% [8].”
BackgroundInfluentialAlgae-based biofuel production as part of an industrial cluster
Andersson, V., Broberg, S., Hackl, R., Karlsson, M., & Berntsson, T. S. (2014) · Biomass and Bioenergy · doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2014.10.019 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“The assumed energy requirements are 80 kWhel·MlWW -1 [27] for paddlewheel and 0.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMsanne, J., Polle, J. E. W., & Starkenburg, S. R. (2020) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2020.101911 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Solimeno, A., & García, J. (2017) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.114 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Castine, S. A., McKinnon, A. D., Paul, N. A., Trott, L. A., & de Nys, R. (2013) · Aquaculture Environment Interactions · doi:10.3354/aei00088 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“Treatment of agricultural wastewater and MWW now includes a series of ponds with different physical characteristics, each performing a separate function in the wastewater remediation process (Craggs et al. 2004a), and widening the opportunity for energy production and capture (Craggs et al. 2011).”
BackgroundWagner, J. L., Le, C. D., Ting, V. P., & Chuck, C. J. (2017) · Fuel Processing Technology · doi:10.1016/j.fuproc.2017.05.006 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Towards energy neutral microalgae-based wastewater treatment plants
Passos, F. L. D. R., Gutiérrez, R., Uggetti, E., et al. (2017) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2017.11.006 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Uggetti, E., Sialve, B., Hamelin, J., Bonnafous, A., & Steyer, J. (2018) · Journal of CO2 Utilization · doi:10.1016/j.jcou.2018.10.009 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Assemany, P. P., Calijuri, M. L., do Couto, E. D. A., de Souza, M. H. B., Silva, N. C., Santiago, A. D. F., & Castro, J. D. S. (2015) · Ecological Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.01.026 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“According to Craggs et al. (2011), HRPs treating domestic sewage are usually dominated by small colonies of genera such as: Scenedesmus, Micractinium, Actinastrum and Pediastrum.”
BackgroundSolimeno, A., Acíen, F. G., & García, J. (2017) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2016.11.023 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Although this is not a new application, the feasibility of microalgae cultures for wastewater treatment and at the same time encouraging resource recovery and feedstock production has revived the interest on this technology [3].”
BackgroundMicroalgae as a Renewable Source of Energy: A Niche Opportunity
Jegathese, S. J. P., & Farid, M. M. (2014) · Journal of Renewable Energy · doi:10.1155/2014/430203 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“[43, 45]”
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Ecophysiological characteristics and biogas production of cadmium-contaminated crops
Zhang, H., Tian, Y., Wang, L., Zhang, L., & Dai, L. (2013) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2013.07.148 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Besides, scientists in the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research in New Zealand conducted a series of experiments about the algae biofuel production from domestic wastewater treatment high rate algal ponds (Park et al., 2011a,b; Craggs et al., 2011).”
BackgroundRobles, Á., Capson‐Tojo, G., Galès, A., Viruela, A., Sialve, B., Seco, A., Steyer, J., & Ferrer, J. (2019) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122672 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Jiménez-Bambague, E. M., Madera-Parra, C. A., Ortiz-Escobar, A. C., Morales-Acosta, P. A., Salamanca, E. J. P., & Machuca‐Martínez, F. (2020) · Water Science & Technology · doi:10.2166/wst.2020.362 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Hena, S., Fatihah, N. N., Tabassum, S., & Ismail, N. (2015) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2015.05.001 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Avagyan, A. B. (2017) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-017-9864-x · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Simultaneously, it was shown that microalgae manufacturing must plan with an organic loading rate of about 100– 150 kg BOD5/ha/day, nutrient assimilation rates up to 600 kg CO2/ha/day, 24 kgN/ha/day, and 3 kgP/ha/day aimed towards a maximum biomass productivity of 30 g/m(2)/days (Craggs et al. 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialControls of microalgal biomass and lipid production in municipal wastewater‐fed bioreactors
Sturm, B., Peltier, E. F., Smith, V. H., & deNoyelles, F. J. (2011) · Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy · doi:10.1002/ep.10586 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Park, J. B. K., Craggs, R. J., & Tanner, C. C. (2018) · Ecological Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2018.05.029 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationPark, J. B. K., Craggs, R. J., & Shilton, A. N. (2013) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2013.05.027 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Craggs, R. J., Heubeck, S., Lundquist, T. J., & Benemann, J. R.
- Affiliations
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NZ)
- California Polytechnic State University (US)
- Benemann and Associates, Walnut Creek, California, USA E-mail: jbenemann@aol.com)
- Corresponding author
- Craggs, R. J.
- Venue
- Water Science and Technology
- Publisher
- IWA Publishing
- Published
- 2011-02-01
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 660-665
- ISSN
- 0273-1223 (ISSN-L)
- 1996-9732
- OpenAlex
- W2107710344
- Cited by
- 267
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 8.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Water Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Wastewater Treatment and Reuse
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Aquatic Ecosystems and Phytoplankton Dynamics
- Keywords
- algal biofuels, high rate algal ponds, wastewater treatment, bioflocculation, algal harvesting, elevated CO2, carbon limitation, nutrient removal, biogas, biodiesel, ethanol, bio-oil, greenhouse gas emissions reduction, energy consumption, algal productivity
- MeSH terms
- Agriculture, Ethanol, Carbon Dioxide, Electricity, Methane, Waste Disposal, Fluid, Biofuels, Eukaryota
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