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A review of greywater characteristics and treatment processes
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This paper presents a comprehensive literature review of different characteristics of greywater (GW) and current treatment methods. GW is domestic wastewater excluding toilet waste and can be classified as either low-load GW (excluding kitchen and laundry GW) or high-load GW (including kitchen and/or laundry). This review provides information on the quantity of GW produced, its constituents (macro and micro), existing guidelines for wastewater reuse, current treatment methods (from storage to disinfection) as well as related costs and environmental impacts. Moreover some successful examples from various countries around the world are examined. The current preferred treatments for GW use physical and biological/natural systems. Recently, chemical systems like coagulation, adsorption and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been considered and have been successful for low to moderate strength GW. The presence of xenobiotic organic compounds (XOC), which are hazardous micropollutants in GW, is emphasised. Since conventional treatments are not efficient at removing XOC, it is recommended that future studies look at chemical treatment, especially AOPs that have been found to be successful at mineralising recalcitrant organic compounds in wastewater.
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“which also range between 4 and 14 mg/L (Boyjoo et al. 2013).”
From Greywater Characteristics, Treatment Systems, Reuse Strategies and User Perception—a Review (2018) · cites this paper as Boyjoo et al. 2013
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“Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) levels are high but give very low BOD/COD ratios (0.20 ± 0.07) indicating a very low biodegradability potential.”
From Greywater characterization and handling practices among urban households in Ghana: the case of three communities in Kumasi Metropolis (2017) · cites this paper as Boyjoo et al. 2013
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Real time hourly flows in the night (between 8pm and 5am) could not be determined because of safety and security concerns at the site, and this approach, although not preferred, was not alarming since low overnight flows were expected from such a small population [6,7] .”
From Domestic greywater flows and pollutant loads: A neighbourhood study within a university campus in Ghana (2020) · cites this paper as [7]
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“range between 4 and 74 mg/L”
From Greywater Characteristics, Treatment Systems, Reuse Strategies and User Perception—a Review (2018) · cites this paper as Boyjoo et al. 2013
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“Kitchen waste are the primary source of nitrogen in greywater”
From Greywater Characteristics, Treatment Systems, Reuse Strategies and User Perception—a Review (2018) · cites this paper as Boyjoo et al. 2013
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“washing detergents are the primary source of phosphates found in grey water”
From Greywater Characteristics, Treatment Systems, Reuse Strategies and User Perception—a Review (2018) · cites this paper as Boyjoo et al. 2013
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“The difference in the later comparison may partly be due to sociocultural and economic differences [7] , and to some extent the nature of our data (limited sample size, short quantification period, and others) although details on authors' data were not shared [34] except greywater sources which are similar to ours (kitchen, washing, shower/bathing).”
From Domestic greywater flows and pollutant loads: A neighbourhood study within a university campus in Ghana (2020) · cites this paper as [7]
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“Greywater sources with high nutrients concentrations are mostly made up of a high fraction of kitchen and laundry sources (Boyjoo et al. 2013).”
From Greywater Characteristics, Treatment Systems, Reuse Strategies and User Perception—a Review (2018) · cites this paper as Boyjoo et al. 2013
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“However, other studies have recorded ratios as high as 4:1 (Boyjoo et al. 2013).”
From Greywater Characteristics, Treatment Systems, Reuse Strategies and User Perception—a Review (2018) · cites this paper as Boyjoo et al. 2013
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Metadata
- Authors
- Boyjoo, Y., Pareek, V. K., & Ang, M.
- Affiliations
- Curtin University (AU)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia
- Corresponding author
- Boyjoo, Yash
- Venue
- Water Science and Technology
- Publisher
- IWA Publishing
- Published
- 2013-04-01
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1403-1424
- ISSN
- 0273-1223 (ISSN-L)
- 1996-9732
- OpenAlex
- W2324672848
- Cited by
- 272
- References
- 134
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 6
- FWCI
- 1.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Water Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eSpace (Curtin University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Wastewater Treatment and Reuse
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Urban Stormwater Management Solutions
- Keywords
- greywater, greywater treatment, greywater reuse, micropollutants, xenobiotic organic compounds, advanced oxidation processes, coagulation, adsorption, disinfection, treatment costs, environmental impact, domestic wastewater
- MeSH terms
- Public Opinion, Water Purification, Recycling, Wastewater
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