A review of greywater characteristics and treatment processes

Boyjoo, Yash; Pareek, Vishnu K.; Ang, Ming

doi:10.2166/wst.2013.675

Cited by 272Wastewater Treatment and ReuseConstructed Wetlands for Wastewater TreatmentUrban Stormwater Management Solutions

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 132 of the 134 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

A review of greywater characteristics and treatment processes

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Boyjoo, Yash, Pareek, Vishnu K., Ang, Ming·2013·Water Science and Technology

DOI 10.2166/wst.2013.675

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Abstract

This paper presents a comprehensive literature review of different characteristics of greywater (GW) and current treatment methods. GW is domestic wastewater excluding toilet waste and can be classified as either low-load GW (excluding kitchen and laundry GW) or high-load GW (including kitchen and/or laundry). This review provides information on the quantity of GW produced, its constituents (macro and micro), existing guidelines for wastewater reuse, current treatment methods (from storage to disinfection) as well as related costs and environmental impacts. Moreover some successful examples from various countries around the world are examined. The current preferred treatments for GW use physical and biological/natural systems. Recently, chemical systems like coagulation, adsorption and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been considered and have been successful for low to moderate strength GW. The presence of xenobiotic organic compounds (XOC), which are hazardous micropollutants in GW, is emphasised. Since conventional treatments are not efficient at removing XOC, it is recommended that future studies look at chemical treatment, especially AOPs that have been found to be successful at mineralising recalcitrant organic compounds in wastewater.

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Phosphates in greywater range between 4 and 14 mg/L.
“which also range between 4 and 14 mg/L (Boyjoo et al. 2013).”
From Greywater Characteristics, Treatment Systems, Reuse Strategies and User Perception—a Review (2018) · cites this paper as Boyjoo et al. 2013
The phosphate row in the greywater characteristics table (indexed under CONCLUSIONS; page unavailable) reports 0.5–1.3, 0.09, and 1 mg/L for the samples with phosphate values. These are below the claimed 4–14 mg/L range; the review does not give that range for greywater phosphate. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Greywater has a very low biodegradability potential.
“Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) levels are high but give very low BOD/COD ratios (0.20 ± 0.07) indicating a very low biodegradability potential.”
From Greywater characterization and handling practices among urban households in Ghana: the case of three communities in Kumasi Metropolis (2017) · cites this paper as Boyjoo et al. 2013
The Introduction says greywater’s COD:BOD ratio can be as high as 4:1, and the GW characteristics section says laundry greywater can be much less biodegradable than shower water. These passages support low biodegradability for some greywater, but not the blanket claim that greywater has very low biodegradability; our copy also does not give the cited BOD/COD value of 0.20 ± 0.07. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Real time hourly flows in the night (8pm to 5am) could not be determined because of safety and security concerns at the site, and this approach was not alarming since low overnight flows were expected from such a small population.
“Real time hourly flows in the night (between 8pm and 5am) could not be determined because of safety and security concerns at the site, and this approach, although not preferred, was not alarming since low overnight flows were expected from such a small population [6,7] .”
From Domestic greywater flows and pollutant loads: A neighbourhood study within a university campus in Ghana (2020) · cites this paper as [7]
The Introduction (page unavailable) says household greywater production peaks before and after normal working hours and varies with household occupancy, which supports the expectation of lower overnight flows. It does not establish flows specifically from 8 p.m. to 5 a.m. or assess the cited site's population. The site's inability to measure flows and its safety concerns are observations by the citing authors, not findings of this review. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Nitrogen in greywater ranges between 4 and 74 mg/L.
“range between 4 and 74 mg/L”
From Greywater Characteristics, Treatment Systems, Reuse Strategies and User Perception—a Review (2018) · cites this paper as Boyjoo et al. 2013
The total-nitrogen row in the review’s table (labelled CONCLUSIONS; page unavailable) includes a value as low as 4.1 mg/L, consistent with an approximate lower bound of 4 mg/L. The passages found do not report 74 mg/L as an upper bound for greywater nitrogen, so the claimed range is not fully supported. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Kitchen waste is the primary source of nitrogen in greywater.
“Kitchen waste are the primary source of nitrogen in greywater”
From Greywater Characteristics, Treatment Systems, Reuse Strategies and User Perception—a Review (2018) · cites this paper as Boyjoo et al. 2013
The “GW characteristics and reasons for concern” section says kitchen greywater is high in nutrients and can increase greywater’s COD:N:P ratio. It does not say kitchen waste is the primary source of nitrogen in greywater or compare its nitrogen contribution with other sources; no page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Washing detergents are the primary source of phosphates found in greywater.
“washing detergents are the primary source of phosphates found in grey water”
From Greywater Characteristics, Treatment Systems, Reuse Strategies and User Perception—a Review (2018) · cites this paper as Boyjoo et al. 2013
The Introduction says detergents are common constituents of greywater, and ‘GW characteristics and reasons for concern’ says laundry greywater is high in phosphates. Neither passage identifies washing detergents as the primary source of those phosphates. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The difference in greywater generation compared to the Accra study may partly be due to sociocultural and economic differences and to some extent the nature of the data (limited sample size, short quantification period).
“The difference in the later comparison may partly be due to sociocultural and economic differences [7] , and to some extent the nature of our data (limited sample size, short quantification period, and others) although details on authors' data were not shared [34] except greywater sources which are similar to ours (kitchen, washing, shower/bathing).”
From Domestic greywater flows and pollutant loads: A neighbourhood study within a university campus in Ghana (2020) · cites this paper as [7]
Greywater sources with high nutrient concentrations are mostly made up of a high fraction of kitchen and laundry sources.
“Greywater sources with high nutrients concentrations are mostly made up of a high fraction of kitchen and laundry sources (Boyjoo et al. 2013).”
From Greywater Characteristics, Treatment Systems, Reuse Strategies and User Perception—a Review (2018) · cites this paper as Boyjoo et al. 2013
Other studies have recorded BOD5/COD ratios as high as 4:1.
“However, other studies have recorded ratios as high as 4:1 (Boyjoo et al. 2013).”
From Greywater Characteristics, Treatment Systems, Reuse Strategies and User Perception—a Review (2018) · cites this paper as Boyjoo et al. 2013
The Biological systems section discusses a BOD:COD ratio of 0.5 as an indicator of treatment potential, and the table under CONCLUSIONS lists BOD₅ and COD concentrations. Neither reports a recorded BOD₅/COD ratio of 4:1; searches for that ratio and equivalent wording found no supporting passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.72)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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2 of the 134 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 7

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Authors: Boyjoo, Y., Pareek, V. K., & Ang, M.
Affiliations: Curtin University (AU)
Department of Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia
Corresponding author: Boyjoo, Yash
ORCID: Boyjoo, Yash
Pareek, Vishnu K.
Venue: Water Science and Technology
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Published: 2013-04-01
Volume: 67
Issue: 7
Pages: 1403-1424
ISSN: 0273-1223 (ISSN-L)
1996-9732
DOI: 10.2166/wst.2013.675
OpenAlex: W2324672848
Cited by: 272
References: 134
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 6
FWCI: 1.05
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Water Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
eSpace (Curtin University) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Wastewater Treatment and Reuse
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Urban Stormwater Management Solutions
Keywords: greywater, greywater treatment, greywater reuse, micropollutants, xenobiotic organic compounds, advanced oxidation processes, coagulation, adsorption, disinfection, treatment costs, environmental impact, domestic wastewater
MeSH terms: Public Opinion, Water Purification, Recycling, Wastewater

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