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Maximum oxygen uptake capacity of smokers of different age groups.
Open accessAbstract
Eighty-four healthy asymptomatic sedentary smokers and 92 healthy sedentary non-smokers of the age range 20-59 years were investigated for their maximum oxygen uptake capacity (VO2max) and related cardiorespiratory parameters at the level of maximal exercise by bicycle ergometry. The subjects were blocked into four age decades of 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, and 50-59 years to show the effect of smoking on VO2max of smokes of different age groups. The physical characteristics of smokers and non-smokers of comparable age groups did not show any significant difference. The smokers of each subsequent age group consumed 5.9 +/- 4.1, 6.3 +/- 5.7, 12.7 +/- 7.1, and 11.5 +/- 9.1 pack years of cigarettes, respectively (pack year = number of packets of cigarettes per day X number of years of smoking). VO2max of smokers (38.9 +/- 4.6 ml.kg-1.min-1) was significantly lower (p less than 0.05) than that of nonsmokers (42.1 +/- 3.2 ml.kg-1.min-1) only in the young age group of 20-29 years. VO2max expressed in per kg of the body weight (VO2max/BW) was found to be significantly (p less than 0.01) and negatively correlated with number of cigarettes smoked per day (-0.36, p less than 0.01), number of years through which smoked (-0.38, p less than 0.01), and pack years (-0.42, p less than 0.01). In other age groups, though non-smokers predominated over smokers in VO2max, the differences were not statistically significant. Also, in these age groups, smoking histories failed to reveal any significant correlation with VO2max. This suggests that smoking impairs VO2max only in the young ages. By increasing age, VO2max was diminished by 13% from 20 to 59 years in non-smokers and 15.5% from 20 to 59 years in smokers. Age also diminished HRmax and VEmax of smokers in the same manner as in the case of non-smokers. The VO2max of Indian sedentary non-smokers was found to be lower than those of Caucasians, Kurds, Yemenites, Europeans, and Africans. Values reported on Asians were found to be comparable with those of the present study.
Overview
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TL;DR
In 84 healthy sedentary male smokers and 92 non-smokers aged 20–59, smoking was associated with significantly lower maximum oxygen uptake only in the youngest age group (20–29 years). VO2max declined with age in both groups, and Indian sedentary non-smokers had lower values than several non-Asian comparison groups but values comparable to Asians.
Key findings
- VO2max of smokers (38.9 ± 4.6 ml·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹) was significantly lower than that of non-smokers (42.1 ± 3.2 ml·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹) only in the 20–29-year age group (p < 0.05); in other age decades, non-smokers had higher values but differences were not statistically significant.
- In the 20–29-year group, VO2max/BW was significantly negatively correlated with smoking history variables: the abstract reports cigarettes/day −0.36, years smoked −0.38, and pack years −0.42 (all p < 0.01); other age groups showed small, non-significant correlations.
- VO2max decreased with age by 13% from 20 to 59 years in non-smokers and 15.5% in smokers; HRmax and VEmax also decreased with age in both groups.
- The VO2max of Indian sedentary non-smokers was lower than that of Caucasians, Kurds, Yemenites, Europeans, and Africans, while values reported for Asians were comparable with the present study.
Methods
- Eighty-four male smokers and 92 male non-smokers, aged 20–59 years, were drawn at random from Calcutta University students and employees; all were healthy, sedentary, without heart or lung disease, and without athletic training.
- Subjects performed bicycle ergometry with an initial 5-min warm-up at 600 kg·m·min⁻¹, then a set workload of 720 kg·m·min⁻¹ increased by 120 kg·m·min⁻¹ every 3 min until exhaustion or heart rate above 180 beats·min⁻¹; maximality was also assessed by levelling off of oxygen uptake.
- Gas analysis, maximal pulmonary ventilation, and maximal heart rate were measured; statistical analysis used ANOVA, correlation coefficients, and regression equations.
Limitations
- No formal limitations section is stated in the paper; the authors note that the reason older smokers did not show a significant VO2max effect is “not yet clear” and suggest an unknown adaptive mechanism.
- Evident from the text: all subjects were male, so findings may not generalize to women; the age comparisons are cross-sectional, so age-related decline cannot be confirmed longitudinally; and smoking history was based on self-reported smoking characteristics.
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In the paper
“It was gradually decreased with the increase of age in both categories.”
§ Maximum Oxygen Uptake Capacity of Smokers of Different Age Groups > RESULTS
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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In the paper
“Oxygen pulse remained almost unchanged with the advancing age.”
§ Maximum Oxygen Uptake Capacity of Smokers of Different Age Groups > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“V02 max of Americans reported by COOPER et al. (1968), MCDONOUGH et al. (1970), RODE andSHEPHARD (1971), andSTRAND (1960), and of Danes reported by INGEMANN-H ANSEN and HALKJAER-KRISTENSEN (1977) were much higher than that of Indians of comparable age groups, physical activity, and smoking characteristics.”
§ Maximum Oxygen Uptake Capacity of Smokers of Different Age Groups > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites COOPER et al. (1968)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked yetcites MCDONOUGH et al. (1970) source
- Not matchedcites RODE andSHEPHARD (1971)
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plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Positive correlations of Vo2 max/BW with maximum heart rate (0.52 in non-smokers and 0.60 in smokers), maximum pulmonary ventilation (0.36 in non-smokers and 0.56 in smokers), and oxygen pulse (0.33 in non-smokers and 0.34 in smokers) were obtained.All the correlations were statistically significant.”
§ Maximum Oxygen Uptake Capacity of Smokers of Different Age Groups > RESULTS
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ventilatory equivalent did not show any difference between the two categories.”
§ Maximum Oxygen Uptake Capacity of Smokers of Different Age Groups > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
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Claims other papers make about this one
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In the citing paper
“Reports show that aerobic (V ˙O2 max) and anaerobic power are reduced in smokers of various ages (Dressendorfer et al., 1983;Chatterjee et al., 1987;Fukuba et al., 1993;Knapik et al., 1993;Louie 2001;Bernaards et al., 2003).”
From Effects of Habitual Smoking on Cardiorespiratory Responses to Sub-maximal Exercise (2004) · cites this paper as Chatterjee et al., 1987
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Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Maximum Oxygen Uptake Capacity of Smokers of Different Age Groups > Abstract
“V02 max expressed in per kg of the body weight (Vo2 max/BW) was found to be significantly (p <0.01) and negatively correlated with number of cigarettes smoked per day (-0.36,p <0.01), number of years through which smoked (-0.38, p<0.01), and pack years (-0.42,p<0.01).”
§ Maximum Oxygen Uptake Capacity of Smokers of Different Age Groups > RESULTS
“The correlations of Vo2 max/BW obtained with pack years, number of cigarettes smoked per day, and number of years during which they smoked were -0.36, -0 .38,and -0.42, respectively, in the smokers of the 20-29-year-old age group.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Maximum Oxygen Uptake Capacity of Smokers of Different Age Groups > Abstract
“The physical characteristics of smokers and non-smokers of comparable age groups did not show any significant difference.”
§ Maximum Oxygen Uptake Capacity of Smokers of Different Age Groups > METHODS
“Only the mean body height of nonsmokers was found to be significantly higher then that of smokers (p <0.05) in the 30-39-year age group.”
Citations
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Cited by
The Effect of Nicotine on Energy Expenditure during Light Physical Activity
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A Longitudinal Study on Smoking in Relationship to Fitness and Heart Rate Response
Bernaards, C. M., Twisk, J. W. R., van Mechelen, W., Snel, J., & Kemper, H. C. G. (2003) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000064955.31005.e0 · Cited by 87
Effects of Habitual Smoking on Cardiorespiratory Responses to Sub-maximal Exercise
Kobayashi, Y., Takeuchi, T., Hosoi, T., & Loeppky, J. A. (2004) · Journal of PHYSIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY and Applied Human Science · doi:10.2114/jpa.23.163 · Cited by 72
Aerobic fitness in young Norwegian men: a comparison between 1980 and 2002
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Simovic, T., Matheson, C., Cobb, K., Heefner, A., Thode, C., Colon, M., Tunon, E., Billingsley, H., Salmons, H., Ahmed, S. I., et al. (2024) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00292.2024 · Cited by 22
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The Impact of Smoking on Maximum Oxygen Uptake
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Self-citationda Pureza, D. Y., Sargentini, L., Laterza, R., Flores, L. J. F., Irigoyen, M. C., & Angelis, K. D. (2007) · Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte · doi:10.1590/s1517-86922007000500003 · Cited by 6
Validity of heart rate based nomogram fors estimation of maximum oxygen uptake in Indian population.
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Hada, S. L., Amatya, S., & Gautam, K. (2013) · Janaki Medical College Journal of Medical Science · doi:10.3126/jmcjms.v1i1.7879 · Cited by 3
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Effects of Tobacco Consumption on Aerobic Fitness in Indian Adult Men
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Metadata
- Authors
- CHATTERJEE, S., DEY, S. K., & NAG, S. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Calcutta (IN)
- ORCID
- DEY, Swapan Kumar
- Venue
- The Japanese Journal of Physiology
- Publisher
- Physiological Society of Japan
- Published
- 1987
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 837-850
- ISSN
- 0021-521X (ISSN-L)
- 1881-1396
- OpenAlex
- W2029422764
- Semantic Scholar
- 31835276d9d26322ef7a6cccc4606c16fd228362
- Cited by
- 20
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2024: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 0.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Japanese Journal of Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Research
- Keywords
- smoking, VO2max, age differences, cardiorespiratory fitness, pack-years, cigarette consumption, sedentary adults, heart rate, vital capacity, exercise capacity, Caucasians, Kurds, smoking cessation counseling, smoking cessation support
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Body Weight, Physical Exertion, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Oxygen Consumption, Smoking
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