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Cited by 722Cardiovascular and exercise physiologyCardiovascular Effects of ExercisePhysical Activity and Health

Cardiac output during submaximal and maximal work

Åstrand, Per-Olof, Cuddy, T. Edward, Saltin, Bengt, Stenberg, Jesper·1964·Journal of Applied Physiology
DOI 10.1152/jappl.1964.19.2.268
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Abstract

In the present study oxygen uptake, cardiac output, stroke volume (dye-dilution technique) and oxygen content of arterial blood were determined in 11 women and 12 men, 20–31 years of age, at rest, and when performing submaximal and maximal work. At rest plasma volume (T-1824) and heart volume were determined. Sitting on the bicycle ergometer the stroke volume was 40–90% (mean 63%) of the maximum attained during exercise. Maximal stroke volume was essentially reached at a workload with an oxygen uptake of about 40% of the maximum and a heart rate about 110. No tendency to a decrease in stroke volume was noticed when maximal work was performed. The variation in stroke volume was ±4% during exercise in the range from 40 to 100% of the individual's aerobic work capacity. The maximal cardiac output was 18.5 liters/min for women and 24.1 liters for men. The correlation between heart volume on one side and maximal stroke volume and cardiac output on the other side was high and the expected one from the dimension of the individual. On submaximal as well as maximal exercise the women had a higher cardiac output per liter oxygen uptake than the men, and this can be explained by the lower concentration of hemoglobin in the women's blood. cardiac function during exercise; cardiac output stroke volume; cardiac output and arterial O2 content Submitted on October 3, 1963

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  • Males have reduced fat mass and different distribution of body fat and lean muscle mass compared with females, which increases power to weight ratios and upper to lower limb strength.

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    From Transgender Women in the Female Category of Sport: Perspectives on Testosterone Suppression and Performance Advantage (2021) · cites this paper as [36]

  • Males have longer and larger skeletal structure than females, creating advantages in sports where levers influence force application, longer limb/digit length is favorable, and height, mass and proportions are directly responsible for performance capacity.

    “longer and larger skeletal structure, which creates advantages in sports where levers influence force application, where longer limb/digit length is favorable, and where height, mass and proportions are directly responsible for performance capacity”

    From Transgender Women in the Female Category of Sport: Perspectives on Testosterone Suppression and Performance Advantage (2021) · cites this paper as [36]

  • Males have larger and denser muscle mass, and stiffer connective tissue, with associated capacity to exert greater muscular force more rapidly and efficiently than females.

    “Males have: larger and denser muscle mass, and stiffer connective tissue, with associated capacity to exert greater muscular force more rapidly and efficiently”

    From Transgender Women in the Female Category of Sport: Perspectives on Testosterone Suppression and Performance Advantage (2021) · cites this paper as [36]

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Authors
Åstrand, P.-O., Cuddy, T. E., Saltin, B., & Stenberg, J.
Affiliations
Department of Physiology, Kungliga Gymnastiska Centralinstitutet, Stockholm, Sweden
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Applied Physiology
Publisher
American Physiological Society
Published
1964-03-01
Volume
19
Issue
2
Pages
268-274
ISSN
  • 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
  • 8750-7587
  • 1522-1601
DOI
10.1152/jappl.1964.19.2.268
OpenAlex
W2121467847
Cited by
722
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 13 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 17
FWCI
13.77
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Effects of Exercise
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
Keywords
cardiac output, stroke volume, submaximal exercise, maximal exercise, oxygen consumption, heart volume, plasma volume, hemoglobin levels, sex differences, aerobic work capacity, heart rate, arterial oxygen content, cycle ergometry
MeSH terms
Cardiac Output, Dye Dilution Technique, Physical Exertion, Oximetry, Biomedical Research

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