Metrological Guidance for the Calibration of Laboratory Glassware

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Metrological traceability requires seven essential elements (from NIST's GMP 13).

“metrological traceability requires seven essential elements (from NIST's GMP 13: Good Measurement Practice for Ensuring Metrological Traceability) that are discussed in the context of glassware calibration:”

• cites [14] 14. A. Thompson and B. N. Taylor, NIST Special Publication 811: Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI), 2nd Printing (November 2008) ed., National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S. Department of Commerce, 2008. sourceCould not verify

  The cited copy is a Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI); its §1.2 outline describes guidance on units, not GMP 13. Searches for GMP 13, seven essential elements of metrological traceability, and glassware calibration found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Calibration ensures measurements are metrologically traceable to the International System of Units (SI).

“Calibration ensures measurements are metrologically traceable to the International System of Units (SI) which is essential to ensuring quality, managing risk, and meeting customer requirements.”

• cites [14] 14. A. Thompson and B. N. Taylor, NIST Special Publication 811: Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI), 2nd Printing (November 2008) ed., National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S. Department of Commerce, 2008. sourceCould not verify

  The Introduction (1. Purpose of Guide; page not provided) says the guide assists with using SI when reporting measurement results, but does not say calibration ensures metrological traceability to SI. Searches for “calibration” and “metrological traceability” found no passage addressing that relationship. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

CCLs with accreditation to ISO/IEC 17025 [13] can be easily approved as calibration suppliers, or nonaccredited CCLs can be audited to confirm compliance in the absence of third-party accreditation.

“Generally, CCLs with accreditation to ISO/IEC 17025 [13] can be easily approved as calibration suppliers 7 , or nonaccredited CCLs can be audited to confirm compliance in the absence of third-party accreditation.”

• cites [13] 13. G. L. Harris, NISTIR 6969 Selected Laboratory and Measurement Practices and Procedures to Support Basic Mass Calibrations (2019 Ed), National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S. Department of Commerce, May 2019. sourcePartly supported

  Appendix D (page unavailable) treats accreditation and evaluation of calibration providers as relevant to supplier assessment. But it calls for checking an accredited laboratory’s scope and measurement uncertainty, not easy approval based on ISO/IEC 17025 accreditation alone. The cited passages describe technical audits of traceability evidence, not audits of nonaccredited CCLs to confirm their compliance. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

It is the responsibility of the calibration lab to provide the supporting evidence of traceability, but it is the responsibility of the customer to assess the validity of the traceability claim.

“It is the responsibility of the calibration lab to provide the supporting evidence of traceability, but it is the responsibility of the customer to assess the validity of the traceability claim (see Good Measurement Practice (GMP) 13 in Reference [14]).”

• cites [14] 14. A. Thompson and B. N. Taylor, NIST Special Publication 811: Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI), 2nd Printing (November 2008) ed., National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S. Department of Commerce, 2008. sourceCould not verify

  The passages from C.8 Uncertainty in measurement and the References discuss measurement uncertainty, not responsibility for substantiating or assessing traceability. Searches for the calibration laboratory’s supporting evidence and the customer’s assessment of a traceability claim found no passage addressing either responsibility in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In GMP 13, measurement traceability is characterized by seven essential elements.

“In GMP 13, measurement traceability is characterized by seven essential elements that are discussed below in the context of glassware volume calibration.”

• cites [14] 14. A. Thompson and B. N. Taylor, NIST Special Publication 811: Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI), 2nd Printing (November 2008) ed., National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S. Department of Commerce, 2008. sourceCould not verify

  Our copy is a guide to using SI units. Section 2.1 discusses essential data, and section C.8 discusses measurement uncertainty, but neither describes GMP 13 or seven elements of measurement traceability. Searches for GMP 13 and for seven traceability elements in glassware calibration found no relevant passage. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some information not contained in the NIST documents are tolerances for various types of glassware.

“Some information not contained in the NIST documents are tolerances for various types of glassware.”

• cites [17] 17. ASTM E542 -22, Standard Practice for Gravimetric Calibration of Laboratory Volumetric Instruments.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [14] 14. A. Thompson and B. N. Taylor, NIST Special Publication 811: Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI), 2nd Printing (November 2008) ed., National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S. Department of Commerce, 2008. sourceCould not verify

  Section 8.2 (Volume) discusses units of volume, but does not address tolerances for glassware. Searches for glassware tolerances and related calibration terms found no passage establishing whether that information is absent from the NIST documents. (LLM, conf=0.70)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

NISTIR 7383 and NISTIR 6969 contain other necessary SOPs, Good Laboratory Practices, and Good Measurement Practices that are essential for a complete volume calibration capability.

“Besides SOP 14, NISTIR 7383 [17] and NISTIR 6969 [14] contain other necessary SOPs, Good Laboratory Practices (GLPs), and GMPs that are essential for a complete volume calibration capability.”

• cites [17] 17. ASTM E542 -22, Standard Practice for Gravimetric Calibration of Laboratory Volumetric Instruments.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [14] 14. A. Thompson and B. N. Taylor, NIST Special Publication 811: Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI), 2nd Printing (November 2008) ed., National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S. Department of Commerce, 2008. sourceCould not verify

  Our copy is a guide to SI usage: section 2 addresses NIST policy on SI units, and section 1.2 outlines the guide’s contents. Searches for NISTIR 7383, NISTIR 6969, SOP 14, and Good Laboratory and Measurement Practices found no passage addressing what those reports contain or what a complete volume calibration capability requires. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

If a tolerance is assigned to an item, the calibration certificate is required to state both the tolerance assigned and the measurement uncertainty of the calibration.

“If (as is common) a tolerance is assigned to an item, the calibration certificate is required to state both the tolerance assigned and the measurement uncertainty of the calibration.”

• cites [13] 13. G. L. Harris, NISTIR 6969 Selected Laboratory and Measurement Practices and Procedures to Support Basic Mass Calibrations (2019 Ed), National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S. Department of Commerce, May 2019. sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction and Criteria Guide Compliance sections require calibration certificates to report measurement uncertainty. The copy discusses applicable tolerances and conformity assessments, but the passages found do not require a certificate to state the tolerance assigned to an item; that part of the claim is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Gravimetric measurements can cover the entire range of measured volumes; for all practical purposes, there is no upper limit.

“Gravimetric measurements can cover the entire range of measured volumes.Data is not shown in the figure beyond 200 cm 3 , but for all practical purposes, there is no upper limit.”

May combine two claims.

Piston-operated pipettes are typically used over a range from 10% to 100% of their maximum capacity, but the ISO 8655 maximum permissible systematic error specification is constant across this operating range.

“These are typically used over a range from 10 % to 100 % of their maximum capacity, but the ISO 8655 maximum permissible systematic error specification is constant across this operating range [5].”

• cites [5] 5. ASTM E1272 -02, Standard Specification for Laboratory Glass Graduated Cylinders, Reapproved 2019.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Graduated burets have nearly equivalent measurement uncertainty to volumetric flasks with the advantage of graduations but are limited in the range of volumes that can be measured.

“Graduated burets have nearly equivalent measurement uncertainty to volumetric flasks with the advantage of graduations but are limited in the range of volumes that can be measured.”

May combine two claims.

Factors like reading the meniscus in calibration and use, and measurement uncertainty of the balances and reference weights used in the calibration all contribute to uncertainty of the volume measurement.

“Factors like reading the meniscus in calibration and use, and measurement uncertainty of the balances and reference weights used in the calibration all contribute to uncertainty of the volume measurement.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The most essential determining factor for whether calibration is required is whether the volume measurement has the potential to impact the quality of a product or service.

“The most essential determining factor is whether the volume measurement has the potential to impact the quality of a product or service.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Gravimetric methods are the preferred alternative for processes requiring accuracy that exceeds the capabilities of volumetric glassware.

“Gravimetric methods are the preferred alternative for processes requiring accuracy that exceeds the capabilities of volumetric glassware.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Metrological traceability is essential to ensuring quality, managing risk, and meeting customer requirements.

“Calibration ensures measurements are metrologically traceable to the International System of Units (SI) which is essential to ensuring quality, managing risk, and meeting customer requirements.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Measurement uncertainty or tolerances from published standards can be used to estimate achievable accuracy.

“Measurement uncertainty or tolerances from published standards can be used to estimate achievable accuracy.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This introduces a risk that if the user is not familiar with the differences between the two markings, the incorrect graduation line may be used.

“This introduces a risk that if the user is not familiar with the differences between the two markings, the incorrect graduation line may be used.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The volumetric measurement accuracy achievable using laboratory glassware could be estimated using the tolerances published in various standards.

“The volumetric measurement accuracy achievable using laboratory glassware could be estimated using the tolerances published in various standards (such as those referenced in Figure 2).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

ASTM E542 suggests correction for evaporation becomes important for volumes below 0.1 cm3.

“ASTM E542 suggests correction for evaporation becomes important for volumes below 0.1 cm 3 [18]; however, this standard does not provide the necessary methods and corrections.”

• cites [18] 18. M. Tanaka, G. Girard, R. Davis, A. Peuto and N. Bignell, "Recommended table for the density of water between 0 °C and 40 °C based on recent experimental reports," Metrologia, vol. 38, pp. 301-309, 2001. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The example uncertainty budgets in References [18] and [17] are in accordance with accepted methods.

“These examples are in accordance with the accepted methods.”

• cites [18] 18. M. Tanaka, G. Girard, R. Davis, A. Peuto and N. Bignell, "Recommended table for the density of water between 0 °C and 40 °C based on recent experimental reports," Metrologia, vol. 38, pp. 301-309, 2001. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [17] 17. ASTM E542 -22, Standard Practice for Gravimetric Calibration of Laboratory Volumetric Instruments.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

20 °C is the reference temperature for laboratory glassware.

“20 °C is the reference temperature for laboratory glassware.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

If these factors are not included in the definition of the measurand, the definition becomes ambiguous.

“If these factors are not included in the definition of the measurand, the definition becomes ambiguous.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Plastic labware is generally not desired because of lower accuracy than glassware, but material compatibility may dictate the use of plastic, and this is acceptable provided the impact on measurement uncertainty is appropriately considered.

“For example, plastic labware is generally not desired because of lower accuracy than glassware, but material compatibility may dictate the use of plastic, and this is acceptable provided the impact on measurement uncertainty is appropriately considered.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In function, SOP 14 and ASTM E542 are equivalent; however, the NIST documentation tends to have more detailed procedural steps and practical advice.

“In function, they are equivalent; however, the NIST documentation tends to have more detailed procedural steps and practical advice.”

• cites [17] 17. ASTM E542 -22, Standard Practice for Gravimetric Calibration of Laboratory Volumetric Instruments.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [18] 18. M. Tanaka, G. Girard, R. Davis, A. Peuto and N. Bignell, "Recommended table for the density of water between 0 °C and 40 °C based on recent experimental reports," Metrologia, vol. 38, pp. 301-309, 2001. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

If any link in the chain is missing documented quantification of the measurement uncertainty, all dependent links will lack metrological traceability.

“If any link in the chain is missing documented quantification of the measurement uncertainty, all dependent links will lack metrological traceability.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Calibration effort can be reduced with longer calibration intervals, but if glassware is found out of tolerance at a calibration, there is a greater amount of work required to determine the impact on the quality of products and services that are potentially affected.

“Calibration effort can be reduced with longer calibration intervals, but if glassware is found out of tolerance at a calibration, there is a greater amount of work required to determine the impact on the quality of products and services that are potentially affected.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

If the required accuracy is beyond the capability of glassware, then alternative means of measurement are required.

“Alternatively, if the required accuracy is beyond the capability of glassware, then alternative means of measurement are required.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Each link in the traceability chain is required to have all seven essential elements of traceability.

“This is often referred to as a traceability chain or hierarchy, and each link in the chain is required to have all seven essential elements of traceability.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

SOP 14 in NISTIR 7383 and ASTM E542 are accepted and validated practices or procedures for the gravimetric calibration of laboratory glassware.

“Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) 14 in NISTIR 7383 [17] and ASTM E542 [18] are accepted and validated practices or procedures and are recommended for the gravimetric calibration of laboratory glassware.”

• cites [17] 17. ASTM E542 -22, Standard Practice for Gravimetric Calibration of Laboratory Volumetric Instruments.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [18] 18. M. Tanaka, G. Girard, R. Davis, A. Peuto and N. Bignell, "Recommended table for the density of water between 0 °C and 40 °C based on recent experimental reports," Metrologia, vol. 38, pp. 301-309, 2001. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Gravimetric measurements are more accurate relative to calibrated glassware, but suitable analytical balances may be higher in cost and require more frequent calibration to meet the needs of a given process.

“Gravimetric measurements are more accurate relative to calibrated glassware, but suitable analytical balances may be higher in cost and require more frequent calibration to meet the needs of a given process.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

If glassware is the selected method, any class of glassware is acceptable if it meets process requirements.

“If glassware is the selected method, any class of glassware is acceptable if it meets process requirements.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

If a volume measurement tolerance or uncertainty is specified, calibration is necessary to ensure that requirement is met.

“If a volume measurement tolerance or uncertainty is specified, calibration is necessary to ensure that requirement is met, but it also must be determined whether glassware can realistically meet this requirement.”

May combine two claims.

A more accurate calibration cannot lower the measurement uncertainty in use below some threshold related to the design and materials; for example, ASTM Class B glassware cannot be certified to Class A tolerances simply because of a more accurate calibration process.

“A more accurate calibration cannot lower the measurement uncertainty in use below some threshold related to the design and materials; for example, ASTM Class B glassware cannot be certified to Class A tolerances simply because of a more accurate calibration process (see Section 3.7: Glassware Accuracy Classes).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The liquid being used for laboratory glassware is pure air-saturated water.

“The liquid being used (for laboratory glassware, this will be pure air-saturated water).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Tolerances are not the same as measurement uncertainty.

“Note that tolerances are not the same as measurement uncertainty.”

May combine two claims.

Evaporation is a more important consideration for smaller volumes, which have a larger surface area to volume ratio, and may be negligible for many volumes.

“Evaporation is a more important consideration for smaller volumes (with a larger surface area to volume ratio) and may be negligible for many volumes.”

• cites [18] 18. M. Tanaka, G. Girard, R. Davis, A. Peuto and N. Bignell, "Recommended table for the density of water between 0 °C and 40 °C based on recent experimental reports," Metrologia, vol. 38, pp. 301-309, 2001. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML) is another organization with relevant published standards.

“The International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML) 18 is another organization with relevant published standards.”

• cites [18] 18. M. Tanaka, G. Girard, R. Davis, A. Peuto and N. Bignell, "Recommended table for the density of water between 0 °C and 40 °C based on recent experimental reports," Metrologia, vol. 38, pp. 301-309, 2001. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

ASTM E542-22 Table 6 suggests a range for the thermal coefficient of cubical expansion uncertainty of 5% to 10% of the value.

“ASTM E542-22 Table 6 [18] suggests a range for the thermal coefficient of cubical expansion (CCE) uncertainty of 5 % to 10 % of the value.”

• cites [18] 18. M. Tanaka, G. Girard, R. Davis, A. Peuto and N. Bignell, "Recommended table for the density of water between 0 °C and 40 °C based on recent experimental reports," Metrologia, vol. 38, pp. 301-309, 2001. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Not all procedures have equivalent performance due to differences such as the number of measurement repetitions or ability to cancel drift in the process.

“Not all procedures have equivalent performance due to differences such as the number of measurement repetitions or ability to cancel drift in the process.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Every measurement has its own contributing factors, such as repeatability or standard deviation of the calibration process.

“In addition, every measurement has its own contributing factors (e.g., repeatability or standard deviation of the calibration process).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Gravimetric measurement is the most likely solution to a need for higher accuracy.

“Gravimetric measurement is the most likely solution to a need for higher accuracy, and the process should be redefined if necessary to specify this method.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

ASTM Class B tolerances are generally double Class A tolerances.

“ASTM Class B tolerances are generally double Class A tolerances.”

May combine two claims.

Measurement uncertainty combines several contributing factors; for calibrating glassware these include the accepted standard deviation of the calibration process, operator effects, water temperature measurement, water density, thermal expansion of the glassware, standard masses or calibrated balance, density of standard masses, air density, drain time effects, and evaporation, listed in descending

“Measurement uncertainty combines the result of several contributing factors, which includes the following for calibrating glassware, listed in descending order of their usual importance [18]:”

• cites [18] 18. M. Tanaka, G. Girard, R. Davis, A. Peuto and N. Bignell, "Recommended table for the density of water between 0 °C and 40 °C based on recent experimental reports," Metrologia, vol. 38, pp. 301-309, 2001. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

With a measurand defined so it can be traced back to accepted national, international, or intrinsic standards, the second element requires that it is traced back to these standards through a documented and unbroken chain of comparisons.

“With a measurand defined so it can be traced back to accepted national, international, or intrinsic standards, the second element requires that it is traced back to these standards through a documented and unbroken chain of comparisons (or calibrations).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Mass traceability goes back to national mass standards, and temperature traceability goes back to intrinsic standards, such as fixed-point temperature cells.

“Mass traceability goes back to national mass standards, and temperature traceability goes back to intrinsic standards, such as fixed-point temperature cells.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Tolerances for glassware are found in the relevant standards specific to the apparatus type, such as the ASTM and ISO standards referenced in Figure 2.

“This information is found in the relevant standards specific to the apparatus type such as the ASTM and ISO standards referenced in Figure 2.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

There are multiple factors that can affect the volume of laboratory glassware, such as temperature, the method by which the meniscus is read, and others.

“There are multiple factors that can affect the volume of laboratory glassware, such as temperature (because the glassware expands with temperature, changing the volume), the method by which the meniscus is read, and others.”

May combine two claims.

Individual staff members can be very repeatable reading a meniscus, but there may be systematic differences between staff members.

“Individual staff members can be very repeatable reading a meniscus, but there may be systematic differences between staff members.”

• cites [18] 18. M. Tanaka, G. Girard, R. Davis, A. Peuto and N. Bignell, "Recommended table for the density of water between 0 °C and 40 °C based on recent experimental reports," Metrologia, vol. 38, pp. 301-309, 2001. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

References [18] and [17] give example uncertainty budgets for calibrating glassware.

“There is no need to start an uncertainty budget from scratch, as References [18] and [17] give example uncertainty budgets for calibrating glassware.”

• cites [18] 18. M. Tanaka, G. Girard, R. Davis, A. Peuto and N. Bignell, "Recommended table for the density of water between 0 °C and 40 °C based on recent experimental reports," Metrologia, vol. 38, pp. 301-309, 2001. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [17] 17. ASTM E542 -22, Standard Practice for Gravimetric Calibration of Laboratory Volumetric Instruments.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

No audit can detect every possible issue, conditions can change between audits, and mistakes can happen.

“However, no audit can detect every possible issue, conditions can change between audits, and mistakes can happen.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Validating a new procedure can be a substantial effort requiring, for example, a new uncertainty analysis supported by experimental data, and interlaboratory comparisons.

“Validating a new procedure can be a substantial effort requiring, for example, a new uncertainty analysis supported by experimental data, and interlaboratory comparisons.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Calibration is essential in establishing metrological traceability and falls under the scope of verification.

“Calibration is essential in establishing metrological traceability and falls under the scope of verification 6 .”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A measurement assurance program ensures the validity of the measurement process and the accuracy of reference standard(s) used at the time the measurements are performed.

“The final element of metrological traceability is a measurement assurance program 20 that ensures (1) the validity of the measurement process and (2) the accuracy of reference standard(s) used at the time the measurements are performed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The currently accepted expressions to calculate the density of air-saturated water are originally sourced from Tanaka et al. [19] and are duplicated in both ASTM E542 [18] and SOP 14 [17].

“The currently accepted expressions to calculate the density of air-saturated water are originally sourced from Tanaka et al. [19] and are duplicated in both ASTM E542 [18] and SOP 14 [17].”

• cites [19] 19. ASTM E438 -92, Standard Specification for Glasses in Laboratory Apparatus, Reapproved 2024.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [18] 18. M. Tanaka, G. Girard, R. Davis, A. Peuto and N. Bignell, "Recommended table for the density of water between 0 °C and 40 °C based on recent experimental reports," Metrologia, vol. 38, pp. 301-309, 2001. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [17] 17. ASTM E542 -22, Standard Practice for Gravimetric Calibration of Laboratory Volumetric Instruments.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Distillation, reverse osmosis, ion exchange, or combinations of these processes, followed by filtration, are suitable methods to achieve the required water quality.

“Distillation, reverse osmosis, ion exchange, or combinations of these processes, followed by filtration, are suitable methods.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

ASTM E542 contains many best practices for use of volumetric glassware, for example, pipetting onto wetted walls; using specified and consistent wait times when emptying; avoiding liquid splashes above the graduation line; and using a burette stopcock fully open until close to the target volume, then slowing the flow.

“ASTM E542 contains many best practices for use of volumetric glassware, for example, pipetting onto wetted walls; using specified and consistent wait times when emptying; avoiding liquid splashes above the graduation line; using a burette stopcock fully open until close to the target volume target, then slowing the flow; etc.”

• cites [18] 18. M. Tanaka, G. Girard, R. Davis, A. Peuto and N. Bignell, "Recommended table for the density of water between 0 °C and 40 °C based on recent experimental reports," Metrologia, vol. 38, pp. 301-309, 2001. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The density-meter equipment is likely to be more costly than controlling water quality and will itself require calibration.

“However, this equipment is likely to be more costly than controlling the water quality and will itself require calibration [3].”

• cites [3] 3. ASTM E288 -10, Standard Specification for Laboratory Glass Volumetric Flasks, Reapproved 2017.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

A control chart of check standard measurements can be interpreted to provide assurance that significant changes in systematic error or process variability have not occurred (an internal check).

“A control chart of check standard measurements can be interpreted to provide assurance that significant changes in systematic error or process variability have not occurred (an internal check).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The density-meter approach may cause contamination of the customer's glassware and is therefore not recommended.

“This approach may also cause contamination of the customer's glasswarefoot_13 and is therefore not recommended.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

A different number of replicates is a different process, and a standard deviation chart, range chart, and control chart can only be used for data coming from the same process.

“A different number of replicates is a different process, and a standard deviation chart, range chart, and control chart can only be used for data coming from the same process.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Check standards used for control charts should ideally have an independently measured reference value that can be compared to the mean value of the control chart data to ensure agreement within measurement uncertainty (an external check).

“In addition, check standards used for control charts should ideally have an independently measured reference value (i.e., a measurement value from an independent calibration laboratory) that can be compared to the mean value of the control chart data to ensure agreement within measurement uncertainty (an external check).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Both GMP 3 and ASTM E542 have two options for reading the meniscus.

“Both GMP 3 and ASTM E542 have two options for reading the meniscus.”

• cites [18] 18. M. Tanaka, G. Girard, R. Davis, A. Peuto and N. Bignell, "Recommended table for the density of water between 0 °C and 40 °C based on recent experimental reports," Metrologia, vol. 38, pp. 301-309, 2001. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

When this approach is used within the DOE, this fraction is 1/4 or 25 %.

“When this approach is used within the DOE, this fraction is 1/4 or 25 % [2].”

• cites [2] 2. T. Coleman and G. Harris, "Important Technical Guidance on Glassware," August 2005. [Online]. Available: https://www.nist.gov/pml/owm/weights-and-measures-newsletter- archives-field-standards. [Accessed 2 January 2024].Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The choice of meniscus reading method may depend on how far around the vessel perimeter the graduation lines extend and whether the liquid is opaque or transparent.

“The choice of method may depend on how far around the vessel perimeter the graduation lines extend and whether the liquid is opaque or transparent.”

May combine two claims.

Gravimetric calibration has benefits including having fewer procedures and calibration standards to maintain, and a shorter traceability chain with associated lower measurement uncertainty.

“The benefits include having fewer procedures and calibration standards to maintain, and a shorter traceability chain with associated lower measurement uncertainty.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

NISTIR 7383 contains a procedure for calibrating glassware by a volume transfer method.

“NISTIR 7383 contains a procedure for calibrating glassware by a volume transfer method; however, it is simpler for a glassware calibration lab to calibrate all glassware gravimetrically.”

• cites [17] 17. ASTM E542 -22, Standard Practice for Gravimetric Calibration of Laboratory Volumetric Instruments.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

ASTM E542 Section 17.7 notes that when using a calibrated balance under conditions that differ significantly from the reference conditions for conventional mass, additional uncertainty evaluation should be considered.

“ASTM E542 Section 17.7 notes that when using a calibrated balance under conditions that differ “significantly” from the reference conditions for conventional mass (i.e., 20 °C, 8 g⁄cm 3 reference density, 0.0012 g⁄cm 3 reference air), additional uncertainty evaluation should be considered [18].”

• cites [18] 18. M. Tanaka, G. Girard, R. Davis, A. Peuto and N. Bignell, "Recommended table for the density of water between 0 °C and 40 °C based on recent experimental reports," Metrologia, vol. 38, pp. 301-309, 2001. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Tap water and filtration alone are inadequate because the water purity requirements require removal of both solid and chemical contaminants.

“Tap water and filtration alone are, however, inadequate, because the water purity requirements are such that both solid and chemical contaminants must be removed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A widely used practice when calibrating items and determining compliance with a tolerance is to ensure that the uncertainty of the calibration process (expressed at a 95 % level of confidence) is less than or equal to some fraction of the tolerance being tested.

“A widely used practice when calibrating items and determining compliance with a tolerance is to ensure that the uncertainty of the calibration process (expressed at a 95 % level of confidence) is less than or equal to some fraction of the tolerance being tested.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

SOP 14 states the requirements for the water thermometer as resolution and uncertainty less than 0.1 °C.

“SOP 14 states the requirements for the water thermometer as “resolution and uncertainty less than 0.1 °C”, and ASTM E542 requires resolution of 0.01°C and uncertainty (k=2) of 0.1 °C.”

• cites [17] 17. ASTM E542 -22, Standard Practice for Gravimetric Calibration of Laboratory Volumetric Instruments.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Assigning a correction factor relies on the end user remembering to apply the correction factor and doing it correctly.

“Assigning a correction factor relies on the end user remembering to apply the correction factor and doing it correctly.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In ASTM E542 Section 17.7, "significantly" is not quantified.

““Significantly” is not quantified, so to avoid the additional evaluation, if there is a question as to whether the conditions are sufficiently close to conventional mass reference conditions, mass standards should be used as the reference rather than a calibrated balance.”

• cites [18] 18. M. Tanaka, G. Girard, R. Davis, A. Peuto and N. Bignell, "Recommended table for the density of water between 0 °C and 40 °C based on recent experimental reports," Metrologia, vol. 38, pp. 301-309, 2001. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The water serves as a standard reference material, and therefore the purity or quality of the water is important in gravimetric calibrations.

“The water serves as a standard reference material, and therefore the purity or quality of the water is important in gravimetric calibrations (pure water is not required for volume transfer calibrations, but gravimetric calibrations are recommended over volume transfer methods -see Section 2.5).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

It is simpler for a glassware calibration lab to calibrate all glassware gravimetrically.

“NISTIR 7383 contains a procedure for calibrating glassware by a volume transfer method; however, it is simpler for a glassware calibration lab to calibrate all glassware gravimetrically.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

GLP 10 states that electrical conductivity of ≤ 5 μS/cm (electrical resistivity of ≥ 0.2 MΩ•cm) is recommended as adequate for gravimetric glassware calibrations.

“GLP 10 in Reference [17] has substantial practical advice for the topic of water purification, and states that while not directly correlated to density, electrical conductivity of ≤ 5 µS/cm (electrical resistivity of ≥ 0.2 MΩ•cm) is recommended as adequate for gravimetric glassware calibrations.”

• cites [17] 17. ASTM E542 -22, Standard Practice for Gravimetric Calibration of Laboratory Volumetric Instruments.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

If the ratio of calibration uncertainty to tolerance cannot be met, guardbanding is an option where, provided the tolerance remains greater than 1.5 times the uncertainty, the limits that must be met are tightened when making the compliance decision.

“If this ratio cannot be met, there are options such as guardbanding, where provided the tolerance remains greater than 1.5 times the uncertainty, the limits that must be met are tightened when making the compliance decision [21].”

• cites [21]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Suitable evidence of technical competence includes appropriate training records, results of proficiency tests or interlaboratory comparisons, and accreditation to ISO/IEC 17025 from a recognized accreditation body.

“Suitable evidence includes appropriate training records, results of proficiency tests or interlaboratory comparisons, and accreditation to ISO/IEC 17025 (the international standard for competence of testing and calibration laboratories) from a recognized accreditation body.”

May combine two claims.

The performance achievable in the use of glassware is never the same as the uncertainty in calibration because some of the same contributors (e.g., reading the meniscus) occur in both calibration and use.

“The performance achievable in the use of glassware is never the same as the uncertainty in calibration because some of the same contributors (e.g., reading the meniscus) occur in both calibration and use.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Generally, a recognized accreditation body means an accreditation body that is an ILAC signatory.

“Generally, this means an accreditation body that is an ILACfoot_11 signatory.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Examples of specific training for gravimetric calibration include determining an effective density (not average density) when summations of weights are used and understanding that the NIST and ASTM procedures use true mass (mass in a vacuum) in the analysis, not conventional mass.

“Examples of such specific training are determining an effective density (not average density) when summations of weights are used and understanding that the NIST and ASTM procedures use true mass (mass in a vacuum) in the analysis, not conventional mass.”

• cites [3] 3. ASTM E288 -10, Standard Specification for Laboratory Glass Volumetric Flasks, Reapproved 2017.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

A calibration laboratory that adopts the listed procedures will still need its own internal procedure with site-specific requirements such as the specific standards to be used, the number of measurements to be made, record keeping procedures, and safety requirements.

“While the documents listed above provide almost all the procedure documentation needed for volumetric glassware calibration, a calibration laboratory that adopts these procedures will still need their own internal procedure with site-specific requirements such as the specific standards to be used, the number of measurements to be made, record keeping procedures, safety requirements, etc.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Software quality assurance ensures that calculations performed by software are the correct calculations for the intended purpose (validation) and are performed correctly (verification).

“Software quality assurance to ensure that calculations performed by software are the correct calculations for the intended purpose (validation) and are performed correctly (verification).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The transparent reporting of the measurement results, their uncertainty (at a stated level of confidence), the assigned tolerance, and the decision rule are necessary for the customer to make their own assessment of the level of false-accept risk.

“The transparent reporting of the measurement results, their uncertainty (at a stated level of confidence), the assigned tolerance, and the decision rule are necessary for the customer to make their own assessment of the level of false-accept risk.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Uncertainty analysis cannot be completed without the process standard deviation from the control charts.

“Uncertainty analysis (Section 2.4) cannot be completed without the process standard deviation from the control charts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

It is not unknown for an accredited laboratory to provide calibration services that fall short of ISO/IEC 17025 requirements.

“It is not unknown for an accredited laboratory to provide calibration services that fall short of ISO/IEC 17025 requirements, so no calibration certificate should ever be blindly accepted without thorough review.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

SOP 14 calculates the average volume from two runs, but the procedure notes that NIST calibrations generally use five replicates.

“For the first two items, note that SOP 14 [17] calculates the average volume from two runs, but the procedure notes that NIST calibrations generally use five replicates.”

• cites [17] 17. ASTM E542 -22, Standard Practice for Gravimetric Calibration of Laboratory Volumetric Instruments.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The appendix of ASTM E542 includes example values from water and air density calculations that could be used for software quality assurance, as does GLP 10 (water density only).

“The appendix of ASTM E542 [18] includes example values from the water and air density calculations that could be used for this purpose, as does GLP 10 [17] (water density only).”

• cites [18] 18. M. Tanaka, G. Girard, R. Davis, A. Peuto and N. Bignell, "Recommended table for the density of water between 0 °C and 40 °C based on recent experimental reports," Metrologia, vol. 38, pp. 301-309, 2001. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [17] 17. ASTM E542 -22, Standard Practice for Gravimetric Calibration of Laboratory Volumetric Instruments.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

ASTM E542 requires water thermometer resolution of 0.01°C and uncertainty (k=2) of 0.1°C.

“SOP 14 states the requirements for the water thermometer as “resolution and uncertainty less than 0.1 °C”, and ASTM E542 requires resolution of 0.01°C and uncertainty (k=2) of 0.1 °C.”

• cites [18] 18. M. Tanaka, G. Girard, R. Davis, A. Peuto and N. Bignell, "Recommended table for the density of water between 0 °C and 40 °C based on recent experimental reports," Metrologia, vol. 38, pp. 301-309, 2001. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

It is the responsibility of the calibration laboratory to provide evidence of traceability and technical competence, but it is the customer's responsibility to assess this evidence and the validity of the traceability claim.

“As mentioned in Section 1.4, it is the responsibility of the calibration laboratory to provide the evidence of traceability (and technical competence), but it is the customer's responsibility to assess this evidence and the validity of the traceability claim.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The volume of calibrated glassware is calculated as mass divided by density of the water weighed in the process.

“The volume of calibrated glassware is calculated as mass divided by density of the water weighed in the process.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Control charts of check standard measurements use a check standard representative of the items being calibrated and measured by the same process.

“Control charts of check standard measurements, where the check standard is representative of the items being calibrated and is measured by the same process.(See SOP 17 in Reference [17].)”

• cites [17] 17. ASTM E542 -22, Standard Practice for Gravimetric Calibration of Laboratory Volumetric Instruments.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Control charts cannot be populated with data without an established procedure.

“Control charts (Section 2.7) cannot be populated with data without an established procedure.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

It is theoretically possible to assign a correction factor to glassware that does not meet the class tolerances that correspond to its markings.

“While it is theoretically possible to assign a correction factor to glassware that does not meet the class tolerances that correspond to its markings, this is strongly discouraged.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

ISO 8655 defines the maximum allowable systematic error as the deviation of the mean of a tenfold measurement, and the maximum permissible random error as the standard deviation of a tenfold measurement.

“For example, ISO 8655 defines the maximum allowable systematic error as the deviation of the mean of a tenfold measurement, and the maximum permissible random error as the standard deviation of a tenfold measurement.”

• cites ISO 8655Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Methods like increasing the number of repeated measurements in the calibration process and using control charts for check standards can manage and minimize the uncertainties and risks.

“Methods like increasing the number of repeated measurements in the calibration process and using control charts for check standards can manage and minimize the uncertainties and risks.”

May combine two claims.

Calibrating contaminated glassware inside the contaminated area transfers the contamination problem to the calibration standards, which also require periodic recalibration and closeout calibration.

“Calibrating the glassware inside the contaminated area might appear to be a solution, but the calibration standards used are then also subject to potential contamination, and they also require periodic recalibration and closeout calibration, meaning the problem is simply transferred to another item.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

As the goal of the SBU process is traceability, the same seven essential elements discussed above are applicable, but may have to be modified due to the constraints that prevent conventional calibration.

“As the goal of the SBU process is traceability, the same seven essential elements discussed above are applicable, but may have to be modified due to the constraints that prevent conventional calibration.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

If the solution involves replacing glassware, the required analytical balance will need resolution and measurement uncertainty suitable for glassware calibration, whereas if replacing weight sets, the required balance will need higher resolution and lower uncertainty suitable for weight calibration and will undoubtedly cost more.

“If the solution involves replacing glassware, the required analytical balance will need resolution and measurement uncertainty suitable for glassware calibration, whereas if replacing weight sets, the required balance will need higher resolution and lower uncertainty suitable for weight calibration and will undoubtedly cost more.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

SOP 14 recommends following manufacturer instructions for cleaning and not using cleaning agents that can attack, discolor, or swell the material.

“SOP 14 recommends following manufacturer instructions for cleaning and not using cleaning agents that can attack, discolor, or swell the material [17].”

• cites [17] 17. ASTM E542 -22, Standard Practice for Gravimetric Calibration of Laboratory Volumetric Instruments.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Table X1.1 in ASTM E542 provides thermal coefficient of cubical expansion (CCE) values for six different plastics commonly used for laboratory ware.

“Table X1.1 in ASTM E542 provides thermal coefficient of cubical expansion (CCE) values for six different plastics commonly used for laboratory ware.”

• cites ASTM E542Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The MPE values in ISO 8655-2:2022 apply to the pipette and tip as a system.

“The MPE values in ISO 8655-2:2022 apply to the pipette and tip as a system.”

• cites [22]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

There is a trade-off in costs not only in the number of items that need to be periodically replaced but in the required calibration equipment.

“There is a trade-off in costs not only in the number of items that need to be periodically replaced but in the required calibration equipment.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

At DOE sites, SBU activities are approved by the CSL for that site.

“At DOE sites, SBU activities are approved by the CSL for that site.”

May combine two claims.

The cubical coefficient of thermal expansion is a factor in achievable accuracy in normal use and the reason why precision grade (Class A) glassware is made from low-expansion glass.

“As noted in Section 3.7, the cubical coefficient of thermal expansion is a factor in achievable accuracy in normal use and the reason why precision grade (Class A) glassware is made from lowexpansion glass.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

At Sandia National Laboratories, assets designated as SBU are required to have a written standardization procedure, personnel approved to perform the procedure, PSL-certified standards traceable to the SI, etc.

“At Sandia National Laboratories, assets designated as SBU are required to have a written standardization procedure, personnel approved to perform the procedure, PSL-certified standards traceable to the SI, etc.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The key differences in calibrating plastic volumetric apparatus relative to glass are the achievable accuracy, calibration intervals, and cleaning processes.

“The key differences in calibrating plastic volumetric apparatus relative to glass are the achievable accuracy, calibration intervals, and cleaning processes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The cleaning methods recommended for glassware may not be compatible with some or all plastics.

“The cleaning methods recommended for glassware may not be compatible with some or all plastics.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

An uncertainty analysis is also required at a level of rigor commensurate with the application.

“An uncertainty analysis is also required at a level of rigor commensurate with the application.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In lieu of calibration certificates, other records (such as laboratory notebooks) are kept to document standardization activities and results.

“In lieu of calibration certificates, other records (such as laboratory notebooks) are kept to document standardization activities and results.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Unlike volumetric glassware, piston-operated pipettes have moving parts and seals that require periodic maintenance, such as cleaning and lubrication, and possibly replacement.

“Unlike volumetric glassware, piston-operated pipettes have moving parts and seals that require periodic maintenance, such as cleaning and lubrication, and possibly replacement.”

May combine two claims.

If an existing item has tolerance X and is replaced with a like item calibrated to a fraction X/C, the comparison gives a low false accept risk initially, but as the process repeats, the item due for replacement can only be checked to the X tolerance instead of the X/C tolerance.

“This would give the comparison (or calibration) a low false accept risk when determining whether the existing item is still within tolerance, but as the process repeats, the item due for replacement can only be checked to the 𝑋 tolerance instead of the 𝑋/𝐶 tolerance.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: An item freshly calibrated is very unlikely to be out of tolerance.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The meniscus will also exhibit some differences relative to glass due to the hydrophobic nature of a clean and smooth plastic surface.

“The meniscus will also exhibit some differences relative to glass due to the hydrophobic nature of a clean and smooth plastic surface.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

There are other specifications in the standards that could directly affect the achievable accuracy as well, such as thickness of graduation lines and maximum inside diameter at the capacity line.

“There are other specifications in the standards that could directly affect the achievable accuracy as well, such as thickness of graduation lines and maximum inside diameter at the capacity line.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The values stated in the ISO standard represent performance that can be realistically achieved, whereas manufacturer specifications may assume specific tips are used or other qualifying assumptions.

“The values stated in the ISO standard represent performance that can be realistically achieved, whereas manufacturer specifications may assume specific tips are used or other qualifying assumptions [22].”

• cites [22]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The results of calibrations affect the quality of goods and services provided using the calibrated items, and the quality of these goods and services can potentially impact public safety.

“The results of calibrations affect the quality of goods and services provided using the calibrated items, and the quality of these goods and services can potentially impact public safety.”

May combine two claims.

The CCE values for plastics given in ASTM E542 range from 5.5 to 45 times higher than the value for Class A glassware and 3.67 to 30 times higher than the value for Class B glassware.

“The CCE values for plastics given in ASTM E542 range from 5.5 to 45 times higher than the value for Class A glassware and 3.67 to 30 times higher than the value for Class B glassware.”

• cites ASTM E542Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The discussion on calibration intervals and the possibility of calibration intervals as long as 5 years is based on experience with glassware.

“The discussion on calibration intervals and the possibility of calibration intervals as long as 5 years (see Section 2.3) is based on experience with glassware.”