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HIF-1 Inhibitors for Cancer Therapy: From Gene Expression to Drug Discovery
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a heterodimeric protein composed of HIF-1alpha and HIF-1alpha subunits, which is activated in response to reduced O2 availability. HIF-1 transactivates genes encoding proteins that are involved in key aspects of the cancer phenotype, including cell immortalization and de-differentiation, stem cell maintenance, genetic instability, glucose uptake and metabolism, pH regulation, autocrine growth/survival, angiogenesis, invasion/metastasis, and resistance to chemotherapy. Increased HIF-1alpha levels, as determined by immunohistochemical analysis of tumor biopsy specimens, is associated with increased mortality in many human cancers. Drugs that inhibit HIF-1 activity and have anti-cancer effects in vivo have been identified and clinical trials are warranted to establish the contexts in which addition of such agents to therapy protocols will result in increased patient survival.
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“The search for possible HIF inhibitors has led to the identification of a number of molecules that impair HIF at various transcriptional and translational stages (ranging from protein stabilization to dimerization to DNA binding) [123].”
From Hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible factors as regulators of T cell development, differentiation, and function (2013) · cites this paper as [123]
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“The regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1a (HIF-1a) activity is a complex process and involves both oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independent pathways [52].”
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“Apart from strict oxygen dependant regulation of HIF’s, HIF-1α and HIF-2α are regulated by several oxygen independent mechanisms [37].”
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BackgroundPHD4 Stimulates Tumor Angiogenesis in Osteosarcoma Cells via TGF-α
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“Therefore, it has been proposed that manipulating oxygen-sensitive signaling pathways might be a promising strategy for treating malignancies (15).”
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“Other characterized HIF-1 inhibitors include a range of agents with distinct modes of action.(14) Unpublished findings from our group corroborate those of the aforementioned drug study and suggest that using other HIF-1 inhibitors can also suppress in vivo TH17 mediated pathology as well (FP and DP unpublished results…”
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“The majority of cancer cell lines and experimental tumor models depends on HIF-1 for growth and systemic spread, resulting in the general appreciation of HIF- 1 as an oncoprotein and an attractive target for cancer therapy [40].”
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“Hypoxia is a characteristic of invasive cancers that can lead to the development of an aggressive phenotype through a mechanism that is mediated mainly by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)–1 and that includes cell immortalization and dedifferentiation, pH regulation, autocrine growth and survival, angiogenesis, invasion…”
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BackgroundThyroid Hormone, Cancer, and Apoptosis
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Pahima, H. T., Reina, S., Tadmor, N., Dadon-Klein, D., Shteinfer‐Kuzmine, A., Mazure, N. M., Pinto, V. D., & Shoshan‐Barmatz, V. (2018) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.24377 · Cited by 17
“In, addition, tumors exposed to a limiting oxygen microenvironment acquire resistance to chemotherapyinduced apoptosis [12, 19, 20] and present reduced responses to radiotherapy [8].”
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“Numerous reports suggest that HIF-1α and its target genes could be important mediators of hypoxia-induced ischemic tolerance and an important target in therapeutics [1–5].”
BackgroundEffects of thyroxine on apoptosis and proliferation of mammary tumors
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“Several strategies for targeting HIF-1a or its upstream regulators or downstream target genes have been tested in recent years [18].”
BackgroundZhao, C., Li, Y., Shao, L., Wang, X., Lu, J., Li, X., Chen, L., Cui, X., Sheng, W., Deng, X., et al. (2019) · Materials Chemistry Frontiers · doi:10.1039/c9qm00270g · Cited by 16
Metabolic Targeting of Malignant Tumors: Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Bioenergetic Flux
Mathupala, S. P. (2010) · Recent Patents on Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery · doi:10.2174/157489211793980114 · Cited by 16
“Thus, it has become a marked target for anticancer therapy, both at pre-clinical and clinical stages [50].”
BackgroundPesch, B., Casjens, S., Stricker, I., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045305 · Cited by 15
“HIF1A might also constitute a therapeutic target [34,35].”
BackgroundThe Effect Of Curcumin On Hypoxia In Tumor Microenvironment As a Regulatory Factor In Cancer
Zahedi, M., Izadi, H. S., Arghidash, F., Gumpricht, E., Banach, M., & Sahebkar, A. (2023) · Archives of Medical Science · doi:10.5114/aoms/171122 · Cited by 16
Wenger, J. B., Santos, N., Liu, Y., Dallas, J., Subbiah, S., Hochwald, S. N., Huang, E. H., Dang, D. T., Allegra, C. J., Luesch, H., et al. (2011) · Oncology Reviews · doi:10.1007/s12156-011-0082-3 · Cited by 14
Teng, C., Kuo, H., & Sze, C. (2013) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.taap.2013.07.009 · Cited by 14
“…compounds are believed to be due at least in part to the induction of cellular molecular targets including the prooxidant and glycolytic pathway, as well as the inhibition of cell viability and aggressive signaling pathways culminating in cell cycle arrest and/or cell death (Semenza, 2009).”
BackgroundRastegar‐Pouyani, N., Farzin, M. A., Zafari, J., Abdolvahab, M. H., & Hassani, S. (2025) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-025-06293-w · Cited by 14
“…agents, such as small molecules (FM19G11, IDF-11774, and KC7F2), monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) (cetuximab and trastuzumab), siRNAs, and histone deacetylase inhibitors (apigenin, trichostatin A, and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid), and nanobodies, have been suggested to target this protein [87–89].”
Role of nuclear receptors in breast cancer stem cells
Papi, A., & Orlandi, M. (2016) · World Journal of Stem Cells · doi:10.4252/wjsc.v8.i3.62 · Cited by 12
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“of cancer cells, such as angiogenesis, invasion, drug resistance, increased cell proliferation, and reduced apoptosis [9,10].”
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Kapeleris, J., Bark, J. M., Ranjit, S., et al. (2022) · Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1007/s00432-022-04242-4 · Cited by 8
“This oxygen fluctuation activates survival pathways and is thought to contribute to cancer cell resistance to chemo and radiotherapies (Semenza 2009; Noman et al.”
BackgroundYin, J., Zeng, X., Ai, Z., Xu, J., Wu, Y., Jiang, J., Zheng, Z., Shengjiao, L., & Li, J. (2022) · Bioinformatics and Biology Insights · doi:10.1177/11779322221115548 · Cited by 8
Complementary and Alternative Medicine and Cancer Survivorship
Huntley, A. L., de Valois, B. A., Dog, T. L., & Borrelli, F. (2012) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2012/850429 · Cited by 7
HIF1 and ID1 Interplay Confers Adaptive Survival to HIF1α-Inhibition
Geng, H., Ko, H., Pittsenbarger, J., Harvey, C. T., Xue, C., Liu, Q., Wiens, S., Kachhap, S. K., Beer, T. M., & Qian, D. Z. (2021) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.724059 · Cited by 5
“Clinically, an increase of HIF1α level is associated with advanced metastatic disease and/or patient mortality in almost all types of solid tumors (Semenza, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2012).”
BackgroundPolysaccharide K suppresses angiogenesis in colon cancer cells
SATOH, Y., Goi, T., NAKAZAWA, T., et al. (2012) · Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine · doi:10.3892/etm.2012.632 · Cited by 5
“We investigated how the addition of PSK to the medium of cultured colon cancer cell lines affects the expression of the HIF-1α gene, which is closely associated with the expression of angiogenic growth factors, in addition to angiogenic growth factors and angiogenesis (18-23).”
BEDİR, B. E. Ö., Terzi, E., Şi̇mşek, E., et al. (2021) · Turkish Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1515/tjb-2021-0085 · Cited by 4
“Semenza had postulated that using HIF-1 inhibitors can be acted as applicable tumor agents for focusing on VEGF [28].”
BackgroundWang, Y., Jia, H., Lin, H., Tan, X., Du, Z., Chen, H., Xu, Y., Han, X., Zhang, J., Zhao, S., et al. (2012) · Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1582-4934.2012.01633.x · Cited by 5
Effective oxygen metabolism-based prognostic signature for colorectal cancer
Yuan, Y., Zhang, Z., Ma, B., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2023.1072941 · Cited by 3
Anticancer drugs acting on signaling pathways, part 1: Tyrosine kinase inhibitors
Avendaño, C., & Menéndez, J. C. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818549-0.00018-2 · Cited by 2
How to Manipulate Cellular O2 Sensing
Metzen, E., & Schneider, K. (2010) · Chemistry & Biology · doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2010.04.004 · Cited by 2
“On the other hand, however, it would be attractive to limit angiogenesis and thus blood supply to tumors via HIF inhibition (Semenza, 2009).”
BackgroundGupta, E., Santos, N., Liu, Y., Havre, P. A., Dang, N. H., Luesch, H., & Dang, L. H. (2013) · Journal of Cancer Therapy · doi:10.4236/jct.2013.46129 · Cited by 1
New Therapeutic Targets in Inflammatory Breast Cancer
Robertson, F. M., & Cristofanilli, M. (2012) · Current Breast Cancer Reports · doi:10.1007/s12609-012-0087-3 · Cited by 1
“Given the demonstrated importance of HIF1α as a therapeutic target, and the identification of FDA-approved agents such as the cardiac glycoside digoxin that target HIF1α [51], we are currently investigating HIF1α as a potential therapeutic target for use in clinical trials with IBC patients.”
BackgroundInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Semenza, G.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Semenza, G.
- ORCID
- Semenza, G.
- Venue
- Current Pharmaceutical Design
- Publisher
- Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
- Published
- 2009-11-01
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 33
- Pages
- 3839-3843
- ISSN
- 1381-6128 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2077230187
- Cited by
- 116
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 4.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Pharmaceutical Design (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Johns Hopkins University
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer, Hypoxia, and Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Angiogenesis and VEGF in Cancer
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Heterocyclic Compound Synthesis and Bioactivity
- Keywords
- HIF-1, HIF-1 inhibitors, HIF-1α, tumor hypoxia, cancer therapy, drug discovery, angiogenesis, metastasis, chemoresistance, glucose metabolism, stem cell maintenance, gene expression
- MeSH terms
- Antineoplastic Agents, Humans, Neoplasms, Drug Design, Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic, Drug Resistance, Neoplasm, Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit
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