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Current and Potential Use of Citrus Essential Oils
Open accessAbstract
Since the Middle Ages, citrus essential oils (EOs) have been widely used for their bactericidal, virucidal, fungicidal, antiparasitical, insecticidal, medicinal and cosmetic proprieties. Also nowadays, they find important applications in pharmaceutical, sanitary, cosmetic, agricultural and food industries. The best method to extract EOs from citrus plant tissue is steam distillation because of a variety of extracted volatile molecules such as terpenes and terpenoids, phenol-derived aromatic components and aliphatic components. In vitro physicochemical assays classify most of them as antioxidants. Keywords: Peel oils, Neroli oils, Petitgrain, Application of EOs, Taxonomical markers, Antimicrobial activity.
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“In addition to these, the major constituents of citrus oil, the terpenes, citral aldehydes, and esters, have a major role in operative therapy for cancer-related issues [163].”
From Valorization of Fruit Waste for Bioactive Compounds and Their Applications in the Food Industry (2023) · cites this paper as [163]
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Agarwal, P., Sebghatollahi, Z., Kamal, M., Dhyani, A., Shrivastava, A., Singh, K. K., Sinha, M., Mahato, N., Mishra, A. K., & Baek, K.-H. (2022) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox11122374 · Cited by 195
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“…yunusalparslan@mu.edu.tr 1 Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Faculty of Fisheries, Kötekli, 48000 Muğla, TR, Turkey by a strong odor and produced by different plant materials (flowers, buds, seeds, leaves, twigs, bark, herbs, wood, fruits, and roots) as secondary metabolites (Palazzolo et al. 2013).”
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“These metabolites play a pivotal role in plant defense system as well as in its relationship with other plants, herbivores, pathogens and pollinators [1].”
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Romano, R., Luca, L. D., Aiello, A., Rossi, D., Pizzolongo, F., & Masi, P. (2022) · International Journal of Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1111/ijfs.15712 · Cited by 68
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“Several studies have focused the sensory characteristics and the peculiar olfactory/aromatic notes which supply the various components to an essential oil (Sawamura et al., 2006; González-Mas et al., 2019; Russo et al, 2012; Palazzolo et al., 2013).”
BackgroundChemical Composition and Biological Activities of Essential Oils from Peels of Three Citrus Species
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“Citrus EOs could be used also for novel applications due to their richness in bioactive compounds [15], such as environmentally friendly antimicrobial agents, pest control drugs, and herbicides.”
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“…Lavandula spp. acclaimed anti-biofilm activity of bioactive compounds in citrus Eos enables Eos to be useful for new applications of pest control drugs, antimicrobial (Lamiaceae), Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabaceae), and Cin-namomum camphora (L.) [114–116]. agents, and herbicides [122,123].”
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“These essential oils are endowed with several medicinal benefits, which include antimicrobial, aromatherapy, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, and insecticidal properties [10, 11].”
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“Types of Essential Oils There are different types of essential oils depending on the process used to obtain them, including cold-pressed oil, distilled oil, concentrated oil, centrifuged essential oil, and juice oils [12].”
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“Because of their high economic importance, orange oil (EO) is the most vital byproduct of Citrus processing obtained from orange peel through several extraction methods such as hydro-distillation, solvent extraction, cold pressing, and supercritical CO2; many studies have reported its chemical composition and bioactiv…”
BackgroundHeadspace volatolome of peel flours from citrus fruits grown in Brazil
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“However, this byproduct contains numerous oil glands filled with EOs [16], which have a wide spectrum of applications, including pharmaceutical, cosmetic, agricultural and food formulations [17].”
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“Pharmaceutical applications, for use as a penetration enhancer for topical creams or lotions [16].”
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Cariñanos, P., Delgado-Capel, M. J., Maradiaga-Marín, M. F., & Benitez, G. A. (2019) · Urban forestry & urban greening · doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2019.03.007 · Cited by 17
“Moreover, its flowers participate in other ecosystem services since it is an ingredient in essential oils for the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry (Palazzolo et al., 2013).”
Gölükçü, M., Bozova, B., Tokgöz, H., Turgut, D. Y., ÇINAR, O., TURGUTOĞLU, E., & Giuffrè, A. M. (2024) · AIMS Agriculture and Food · doi:10.3934/agrfood.2024049 · Cited by 16
Worku, L. A., Bachheti, A., Bachheti, R. K., Husen, A., Getachew, M., & Pandey, D. P. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-73077-2_1 · Cited by 16
Rojas, J., Cabrera, S., Ciro-Gómez, G. L., & Naranjo, A. (2020) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app10113909 · Cited by 15
“Citrus oils possess antioxidant and hydrating activities that could prevent the damaging effect of air pollutants, and UV radiation, such as phototoxicity, skin aging, inflammation, and melanoma [8].”
BackgroundSamanta, S., Banerjee, J., Ahmed, R., & Dash, S. K. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-37534-7_15 · Cited by 15
Detection of Volatiles in Dark Chocolate Flavored with Orange Essential Oil by Electronic Nose
Galvagni, E., Fritzen, A. A., Graboski, A. M., Ballen, S. C., Steffens, J., & Steffens, C. (2020) · Food Analytical Methods · doi:10.1007/s12161-020-01763-x · Cited by 15
Valorization of Grapefruit (Citrus × paradisi) Processing Wastes
Zarate-Vilet, N., Gué, E., Delalonde, M., & Wisniewski, C. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-84436-3_8 · Cited by 14
Sarkar, R., Patwary, M. A., Chowdhury, R. S., Sarkar, A., Jon, P. H., Miah, M. S., & Alam, M. (2024) · Food Bioscience · doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2024.105478 · Cited by 14
Rosa, A., Nieddu, M., Petretto, G. L., & Sarais, G. (2019) · Journal of Essential Oil Research · doi:10.1080/10412905.2019.1606740 · Cited by 13
“EOs extracted from peels, flowers, leaves, young shoot, and buds of Citrus species (sweet oranges, tangerines, mandarins, lemons, limes, and grapefruits) are very complex matrices (6).”
BackgroundYang, J., Choi, W.-S., Su-Yeon, L. E. E., Minju, K. I. M., & Park, M. J. (2022) · Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology · doi:10.5658/wood.2022.50.4.272 · Cited by 14
“Due to their biological properties, Citrus essential oils are widely used in the food preservation, perfume, pharmacological, and cosmetic industries (Palazzolo et al., 2013).”
BackgroundNatural Products and Their Potential Anti-HAV Activity
Jama−Kmiecik, A., Sarowska, J., Wojnicz, D., Choroszy−Król, I., & Frej−Mądrzak, M. (2021) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens10091095 · Cited by 13
“Sweet orange EO exhibits antioxidant, antifungal, and antibacterial properties, which have important applications in food industries [71,72].”
BackgroundGao, S., Kang, H., An, X., Cheng, Y., Chen, H., Chen, Y., & Li, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.811630 · Cited by 13
Physico-chemical variation in peel oils of Khasi mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) during ripening
Bhuyan, N., Barua, P. C., Kalita, P., & Saikia, A. (2015) · Indian Journal of Plant Physiology · doi:10.1007/s40502-015-0164-5 · Cited by 13
“The essential oil of mandarin is gaining increasing popularity due to their unique organoleptic and aroma properties (Kale and Adsule 1995; Palazzolo et al. 2013) due to the growing demand for natural flavours throughout the world as blends utilizing natural isolates and designated as natural…”
BackgroundSarkar, R., Nain, L., Dutta, A., Kundu, A., & Saha, S. (2022) · Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery · doi:10.1007/s13399-022-03367-3 · Cited by 12
“It is extracted commercially by hydrodistillation or steam distillation process that provides an average oil yield between 0.5 and 5% ( w / v ) [5].”
InfluentialFan, R., Qiu, D., Mao, G., & Zeng, J. (2024) · Industrial Crops and Products · doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2023.117996 · Cited by 12
Han, M., Zhao, L., Cheng, H., & Qi, Z. (2024) · Chemical Engineering Science · doi:10.1016/j.ces.2024.120476 · Cited by 12
Chemical Composition of Five Lamiaceae Essential Oils and Their Insecticidal and Phytotoxic Activity
Pei, T., Zhao, Y., Huang, X., Zhao, Y., Pan, L., Wang, L., Gao, H., Xu, M., & Gao, Y. (2024) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants13162204 · Cited by 12
“…fruit peels of orange and lemon, which contain a high proportion of limonene and lower quantities of p -menthane molecules depending on the genotype and oil composition [46]. β -caryophyllene, terpinolene, and linalool were less detected in our study compared with what is typically found in EOs.”
ResultGarcía‐Cruz, A., Aguilar, C. N., Rincón‐Enríquez, G., Ilyina, A. D., Guízar‐González, C., Mtz-Enriquez, A. I., Díaz‐Jiménez, L., Quiñones-Aguilar, E. E., Enríquez-Vara, J. N., & Ramos‐González, R. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience · doi:10.1109/tnb.2019.2937840 · Cited by 12
“Since the essential oils present sterols, carotenoids, and polymethoxylated flavonoids [27], some of these compounds could have passed from the oil to orange wax during an essential oil purification process named winterization.”
BackgroundVarga, K., Fehér, J., Trugly, B., Drexler, D., Leiber, F., Verrastro, V., Magid, J., Chylinski, C., Athanasiadou, S., Thuerig, B., et al. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14063182 · Cited by 12
“the pipeline such as citrus essential oils [100,101], or Clitoria termatea oil [102,103].”
BackgroundOuabane, M., Alaqarbeh, M., Hajji, H., Tabti, K., Ajana, M. A., Sbai, A., Sekkate, C., Lakhlifi, T., & Bouachrıne, M. (2024) · ChemistrySelect · doi:10.1002/slct.202303037 · Cited by 11
Sunarharum, W. B., Yudawati, A. N., & Asih, N. E. (2021) · IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science · doi:10.1088/1755-1315/733/1/012086 · Cited by 11
Astuti, I. P., Palupi, K. D., & Damayanti, F. (2022) · Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology · doi:10.22146/jtbb.66061 · Cited by 10
Essential Oils - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications
Jonas (2023) · Biochemistry · doi:10.5772/intechopen.107782 · Cited by 12
Batista, M. G. D. F., Herbst, G., Kolicheski, M. B., Voll, F. A. P., & Corazza, M. L. (2024) · The Journal of Supercritical Fluids · doi:10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106426 · Cited by 10
Systematic growth on antibacterial activities use of silver nanoparticles with citrus aurantifolia
Shanmugan, S., Madupu, R. K., Selvaraju, P., & Ravichandran, S. (2021) · Materials Today Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2021.07.055 · Cited by 10
Evaluation of herbal cocktail used in the treatment of malaria on liver tissue of adult Wistar rats
Moronkeji, A., Ikechi, E. G., Bejide, R. A., Anwara, O. A., & Igunbor, M. C. (2018) · Journal of Medicinal Plants Research · doi:10.5897/jmpr2018.6661 · Cited by 10
“Plants provide many advantages such as ornament, oxygen, food, beverages, clothing, perfumes and building materials and they are source of an enormous number of compounds, known as „secondary metabolites‟ (Laudicina et al., 2013).”
The Use of Medicinal Aromatic Plants Against Bee Diseases and Pests
Topal, E., Cornea‐Cipcigan, M., Tunca, R. İ., Kösoğlu, M., & Mărgăoan, R. (2020) · Bee Studies- Apiculture Research Institute · doi:10.51458/bstd.2021.2 · Cited by 10
Role of Essential Oil Used Pharmaceutical Cosmetic Product
Sharma, A., Kumar, V., Mittal, C., Rana, V., Dabral, K., & Parveen, G. (2023) · Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology · doi:10.55544/jrasb.2.3.19 · Cited by 9
“Lavender EO yield is around 3% [31]; it has many applications as complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) [32,33,34], with numerous applications in mental health settings as an antidepressant, sedative, anxiolytic, and neuroprotective [32], as well as showing antiseptic, antihypertensive, antispasmodic, analgesic…”
BackgroundBozova, B., Gölükçü, M., Tokgöz, H., Turgut, D. Y., ÇINAR, O., TURGUTOĞLU, E., & Giuffrè, A. M. (2025) · AIMS Agriculture and Food · doi:10.3934/agrfood.2025003 · Cited by 11
“Citrus essential oils are on the GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) list with their broad-spectrum biological activities being antimicrobial, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anxiolytic [20,26,27].”
Essential Oils and the Circular Bioeconomy
Stashenko, E. E., & Martı́nez, J. R. (2023) · Biochemistry · doi:10.5772/intechopen.112958 · Cited by 9
Metadata
- Authors
- Palazzolo, E., Armando Laudicina, V., & Antonietta Germanà, M.
- ORCID
- Palazzolo, Eristanna
- Venue
- Current Organic Chemistry
- Publisher
- Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
- Published
- 2013-12-31
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 24
- Pages
- 3042-3049
- ISSN
- 1385-2728 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2316061717
- Cited by
- 195
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 3.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Current Organic Chemistry (publishedVersion)
- Nova Science Publishers (Nova Science Publishers, Inc.) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Essential Oils and Antimicrobial Activity
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Insect Pest Control Strategies
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Edible Oils Quality and Analysis
- Keywords
- citrus essential oils, steam distillation, terpenes, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, peel oil, essential oil extraction, food industry applications
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