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Systemic Fungal Infections Caused by Candida Species: Epidemiology, Infection Process and Virulence Attributes
Abstract
Candida species, in particular C. albicans, represent a major threat to immunocompromised patients. Able to exist as a commensal on mucosal surfaces of healthy individuals, these opportunistic fungi frequently cause superficial infections of mucosae and skin. Furthermore, in hospital settings, Candida species may cause life-threatening invasive infections in a growing population of vulnerable patients. In fact, candidaemia is associated with the highest crude mortality of all bloodstream infections. Candida cells may enter the bloodstream by direct penetration from epithelial tissues, due to damage of barriers in the body caused by surgery, polytrauma or drug treatment, or may spread from biofilms produced on medical devices. From the bloodstream, cells may infect almost all organs but appear to prefer certain organs depending upon the route of infection. The exact mechanisms by which Candida cells survive the challenge of the blood environment and escape from the bloodstream to cause deep-seated infections have not yet been elucidated, but various investigations are reviewed. It is clear, however, that Candida must have particular attributes which enable the organism to survive and grow within the environment of healthy individuals and to invade tissues in the immunocompromised host. Most studies have focussed on C. albicans and this review will therefore summarise work on the various known virulence factors and methods used to identify further virulence attributes of this fungus.
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“It is noteworthy, however, that during dissemination, fungi are likely exposed only briefly to the bloodstream before they enter the target organs and hence that early survival may be crucial for successful systemic infections (71).”
From A novel hybrid iron regulation network combines features from pathogenic and nonpathogenic yeasts (2016) · cites this paper as [71]
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Items 201–252 of 252
Gürsu, B. Y. (2022) · Biological Diversity and Conservation · doi:10.46309/biodicon.2022.1120159 · Cited by 1
The Host Innate Immune Response to Pathogenic Candida albicans and Other Fungal Pathogens
Zipfel, P. F., Gropp, K., Reuter, M., Schindler, S., & Skerka, C. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-79307-6_11 · Cited by 1
“The course of infection of human pathogenic fungi, e.g. C. albicans in a human host, was covered by recent reviews (Calderone and Fonzi 2001; Mavor et al. 2005).”
Backgroundde Medeiros, M. A. P. (2013) · Americanae (AECID Library)
Brakhage, A. A., & Zipfel, P. F. (2014) · ASM Press eBooks · doi:10.1128/9781555816872.ch13
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Blanco, J. C. (2009) · Gredos (University of Salamanca) · doi:10.14201/gredos.76383
Identification and Characterization of Genetic Factors Involved in Candida-Bacterial Interactions
Fox, S. (2013) · Digital Commons - East Tennessee State University (East Tennessee State University)
der Diplomarbeit, T. (2010)
Adaptation of Candida albicans for Growth Within the Host
Zakaria, Z., Basma, A. A., & Ganeshan, S. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5931-2_17
The Production and Function of Titan Cells in Cryptococcus neoformans
Okagaki, L. H. (2012) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota)
Yatsyk, K. (2010) · University of Vienna · doi:10.25365/thesis.11294
de Souza, L. B. F. C. (2015) · Americanae (AECID Library)
Emerging Infectious Uveitis: Candida
Gueudry, J., & Bodaghi, B. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-23416-8_19
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Siderophores in Antifungal Drug Discovery: A Computational Approach
Anusuya, S., Chithiravel, V., Gunasekar, A., & Anbazhagan, V. (2021) · Fungal biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-53077-8_11
An Intersection between Iron Availability and Candida albicans Invasive FilamentationPreprint
Junier, A., Weeks, A., Alcaraz, Y., & Kumamoto, C. A. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.09.15.460572
“albicans, including 53 candidiasis and candidemia (3).”
(2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816983-4.00003-1
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Self-citationIwen, P. C. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-0974-2.00061-0
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Álvarez, M. X. C. (2020) · Repositorio Institucional (Pontificia Universidad Javeriana) · doi:10.11144/javeriana.10554.1565
de Vries, D. H. (2022) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) · doi:10.33612/diss.255266474
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Risk Factors for Development of Invasive Candidiasis in Critically III Patients
Sedono, R., Adisasmita, A. C., Djuwita, R., Sjaaf, A. C., Nadjib, M., Syarif, S., Alisjahbana, B., Karuniawati, A., & Wahyuningsih, R. (2023) · Bali Journal of Anesthesiology · doi:10.4103/bjoa.bjoa_255_22
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“Deep-seated cutaneous candidiasis, also referred to as fungal granuloma in some cases, can be classified into endogenous and exogenous infections [7-10].”
Coletti, T. M. S. F. D. A. (2013) · Aleph UCLA Undergraduate Research Journal for the Humanities and Social Sciences
West, P. T., Peters, S. L., Olm, M. R., Yu, F. B., Gause, H., Lou, Y. C., Firek, B. A., Baker, R. W., Johnson, A. D., Morowitz, M. J., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14821258
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West, P. T., Peters, S. L., Olm, M. R., Yu, F. B., Gause, H., Lou, Y. C., Firek, B. A., Baker, R. W., Johnson, A. D., Morowitz, M. J., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14821270
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West, P. T., Peters, S. L., Olm, M. R., Yu, F. B., Gause, H., Lou, Y. C., Firek, B. A., Baker, R. W., Johnson, A. D., Morowitz, M. J., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14821261
West, P. T., Peters, S. L., Olm, M. R., Yu, F. B., Gause, H., Lou, Y. C., Firek, B. A., Baker, R. W., Johnson, A. D., Morowitz, M. J., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14821267
West, P. T., Peters, S. L., Olm, M. R., Yu, F. B., Gause, H., Lou, Y. C., Firek, B. A., Baker, R. W., Johnson, A. D., Morowitz, M. J., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14821279
Comparing the anti-Candida albicans effect of Zingiber officinale with common antifungal drugs
Gavanji, S., Bakhtari, A., Baghshahi, H., et al. (2025) · THE NEW ARMENIAN MEDICAL JOURNAL · doi:10.56936/18290825-3.19v.2025-30
Baby, A., S., H. K., Udayan, N., Raj, A. S., & S., H. K. K. (2026) · International Journal of Scientific Reports · doi:10.18203/issn.2454-2156.intjscirep20260777
La D-cateslytine : un nouvel agent antifongique pour le traitement de la candidose buccale
Dartevelle, P. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/2fcc1c48z0776z40d4z8d81z66bc68fa13a9
Caractérisation in vivo des propriétés antimicrobiennes de la souche probiotique Lcr35®
Poupet, C. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/4b54634fz962ez48a4z9c7ez2a266159deea
“Viennent ensuite, en France, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis et C. parapsilosis (Mavor et al. 2005), les autres espèces étant moins fréquentes.”
Soumbo, M. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/39d1c9fbz9275z4211z82fdz3dc792b563f5
“Cette levure vit également à l’état commensal dans le tube digestif et peut coloniser par contiguïté les voies génito-urinaires et respiratoires (Mavor et al., 2005).”
BackgroundMorales-Hernández, A., Suárez-Rodríguez, L. M., Guzmán-Rodríguez, J. J., et al. (2026) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1016973
Mai, G., Zhang, W., Zhang, Y., Liu, Y., Li, Y., Li, Z., & Dai, Y. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10643982/v1
Metadata
- Authors
- Mavor, A., Thewes, S., & Hube, B.
- Affiliations
- Robert Koch Institute (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Hube, B.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Current Drug Targets
- Publisher
- Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
- Published
- 2005-12-01
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 863-874
- ISSN
- 1389-4501 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2152663489
- Cited by
- 252
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 5.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Drug Targets (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Robert Koch Institut
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fungal and yeast genetics research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Fungal Infections and Studies
- Keywords
- systemic candidiasis, Candida albicans, candidemia, invasive fungal infections, virulence factors, immunocompromised patients, opportunistic fungal pathogens, bloodstream infection, fungal pathogenesis, epidemiology
- MeSH terms
- Candida, Candidiasis, Humans
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