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A Comparison of Bacterial Composition in Diabetic Ulcers and Contralateral Intact Skin
Open accessAbstract
An extensive portion of the healthcare budget is allocated to chronic human infection. Chronic wounds in particular are a major contributor to this financial burden. Little is known about the types of bacteria which may contribute to the chronicity, biofilm and overall bioburden of the wound itself. In this study we compare the bacteriology of wounds and associated intact skin. Wound and paired intact skin swabs (from a contralateral location) were collected. The bacterial diversity was determined using bacterial Tag-encoded FLX amplicon pyrosequencing (bTEFAP). Diversity analysis showed intact skin to be significantly more diverse than wounds on both the species and genus levels (3% and 5% divergence). Furthermore, wounds show heightened levels of anaerobic bacteria, like Peptoniphilus , Finegoldia , and Anaerococcus , and other detrimental genera such as Corynebacterium and Staphylococcus . Although some of these and other bacterial genera were found to be common between intact skin and wounds, notable opportunistic wound pathogens were found at lower levels in intact skin. Principal Component Analysis demonstrated a clear separability of the two groups. The findings of the study not only greatly support the hypothesis of differing bacterial composition of intact skin and wounds, but also contribute additional insight into the ecology of skin and wound microflora. The increased diversity and lowered levels of opportunistic pathogens found in skin make the system highly distinguishable from wounds.
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“The diversity of the chronic wound microbiome may be substantially reduced in comparison to that of neighboring healthy skin (168), but a recent study using animal models of wound infections demonstrated that polymicrobial infection with Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa led to more prominent inhibition of epithelialization than infection with a single species (33), suggesting that”
From Wound repair and regeneration: Mechanisms, signaling, and translation (2014) · cites this paper as [168]
In the citing paper
“Multiple studies have also emphasized the presence of bacteria and the polymicrobial nature of chronic, non-healing wounds [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], and the frequency of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa organisms has been shown to be exceedingly high [10], [11], [12], [13], [14].”
From Interactions of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Polymicrobial Wound Infection (2013) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“The polymicrobial nature of non-healing wounds, such as venous, pressure, and diabetic foot ulcers is well documented and established [6], [7], [8], [9], [58], [59].”
From Interactions of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Polymicrobial Wound Infection (2013) · cites this paper as [8]
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“If this occurs, these microbes change their metabolism11 and a new ecology is set up with a modified microbiome.12,13”
From The Innate Immune System in Acute and Chronic Wounds (2016) · cites this paper as [13]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Gontcharova, V., Youn, E., Sun, Y., Wolcott, R. D., & Dowd, S. E.
- Affiliations
- Texas Tech University (US)
- Southwest Regional Wound Care Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gontcharova, Viktoria
- Venue
- The Open Microbiology Journal
- Publisher
- Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
- Published
- 2010-03-17
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 8-19
- ISSN
- 1874-2858 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2866239
- OpenAlex
- W2096279745
- Cited by
- 156
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 12.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Open Microbiology Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Wound Healing and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetic Foot Ulcer Assessment and Management
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Microbial Community Ecology and Physiology
- Keywords
- diabetic ulcers, chronic wounds, skin microbiome, bacterial diversity, anaerobic bacteria, Peptoniphilus, Finegoldia, Anaerococcus, Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus, opportunistic pathogens, wound biofilm, microbial load
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