Cited by 156Wound Healing and TreatmentsDiabetic Foot Ulcer Assessment and ManagementMicrobial Community Ecology and Physiology

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A Comparison of Bacterial Composition in Diabetic Ulcers and Contralateral Intact Skin

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Gontcharova, Viktoria, Youn, Eunseog, Sun, Yan, Wolcott, Randall D, Dowd, Scot E·2010·The Open Microbiology Journal

DOI 10.2174/1874285801004010008PMC PMC2866239

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Abstract

An extensive portion of the healthcare budget is allocated to chronic human infection. Chronic wounds in particular are a major contributor to this financial burden. Little is known about the types of bacteria which may contribute to the chronicity, biofilm and overall bioburden of the wound itself. In this study we compare the bacteriology of wounds and associated intact skin. Wound and paired intact skin swabs (from a contralateral location) were collected. The bacterial diversity was determined using bacterial Tag-encoded FLX amplicon pyrosequencing (bTEFAP). Diversity analysis showed intact skin to be significantly more diverse than wounds on both the species and genus levels (3% and 5% divergence). Furthermore, wounds show heightened levels of anaerobic bacteria, like Peptoniphilus , Finegoldia , and Anaerococcus , and other detrimental genera such as Corynebacterium and Staphylococcus . Although some of these and other bacterial genera were found to be common between intact skin and wounds, notable opportunistic wound pathogens were found at lower levels in intact skin. Principal Component Analysis demonstrated a clear separability of the two groups. The findings of the study not only greatly support the hypothesis of differing bacterial composition of intact skin and wounds, but also contribute additional insight into the ecology of skin and wound microflora. The increased diversity and lowered levels of opportunistic pathogens found in skin make the system highly distinguishable from wounds.

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Fig. (1) PCA for intact skin and wound data. The figure display the three main principal components to which the data was reduced to. The axes represent the values for principal components 1, 2 and 3. Points lying in the negative portion of an axis indicate a negative correlation between the principal component and the sample. The two groups are denoted by different colors to demonstrate the separation between classes (intact skin vs. wounds). The ability to linearly separate the classes within the PCA figures indicates intact skin samples are different from wound samples.CC BY-NC · PubMed Central

Fig. (2) Hierarchical clustering of healthy skin and wound data. This figure provides further support for the separability between the two classes of samples, healthy skin and wounds. The figure also indicates low correlation between healthy skin and wound samples for the same individual, indicating lack of contamination or other factors possibly affecting bacterial similarity.CC BY-NC · PubMed Central

Fig. (3) Correlation Distances for paired intact skin against wound samples. Pearson Correlation distances, ranging from 0 to 2 were normalized to a scale of 0 to 1 where 1 represents the furthest distance, or the least similar samples.CC BY-NC · PubMed Central

Fig. (4) Correlation Distances for all against all samples. Pearson Correlation distances, ranging from 0 to 2 were normalized to a scale of 0 to 1 where 1 represents the furthest distance, or the least similar samples.CC BY-NC · PubMed Central

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Self-citation

Authors: Gontcharova, V., Youn, E., Sun, Y., Wolcott, R. D., & Dowd, S. E.
Affiliations: Texas Tech University (US)
Southwest Regional Wound Care Center (US)
Corresponding author: Gontcharova, Viktoria
ORCID: Gontcharova, Viktoria
Dowd, Scot E
Venue: The Open Microbiology Journal
Publisher: Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
Published: 2010-03-17
Volume: 4
Issue: 1
Pages: 8-19
ISSN: 1874-2858 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.2174/1874285801004010008
PMC: PMC2866239
OpenAlex: W2096279745
Cited by: 156
References: 57
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 12
FWCI: 12.98
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode (vor)
Locations: The Open Microbiology Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Wound Healing and Treatments
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetic Foot Ulcer Assessment and Management
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Microbial Community Ecology and Physiology
Keywords: diabetic ulcers, chronic wounds, skin microbiome, bacterial diversity, anaerobic bacteria, Peptoniphilus, Finegoldia, Anaerococcus, Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus, opportunistic pathogens, wound biofilm, microbial load

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A Comparison of Bacterial Composition in Diabetic Ulcers and Contralateral Intact Skin

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