The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Complicated Grief and the Quest for Meaning: A Constructivist Contribution
Abstract
One of the more important results of the upwelling of research on bereavement in recent decades has been the development of criteria for complicated grief, a disorder whose coherence, correlates and consequences have been subjected to increasing scrutiny. In this article I argue that clinical, conceptual, and evidence-based considerations converge to support the further refinement of such criteria, with a special emphasis on their connection to the protracted and painful quest for meaning that characterizes a subset of the bereaved. As further research supports and extends these current efforts, there is reason to believe that an understanding of complicated grief can make a significant contribution to research, theory, and practice concerning adaptation in the wake of loss.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“added to a growing literature, indicate that meaning-making prospectively predicts positive adaptation to bereavement (88, 92–95).”
From Ayahuasca-assisted meaning reconstruction therapy for grief: a non-randomized clinical trial protocol (2025) · cites this paper as [95]
Citations
Cites
THE PSYCHOLOGY OF PERSONAL CONSTRUCTS
Bannister, D., & Fransella, F. (2010) · Taylor & Francis eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203405321_chapter_1 · Cited by 8,589
Bonanno, G. A. (2004) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.59.1.20 · Cited by 6,851
(2014) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315736945-36 · Cited by 2,232
Meaning reconstruction & the experience of loss.
(2001) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10397-000 · Cited by 1,088
Handbook of Posttraumatic Growth
(2014) · Routledge · doi:10.4324/9781315805597 · Cited by 1,078
Attachment and Loss: Sadness and Depression
Albert, S. M., & Bowlby, J. (1982) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/351282 · Cited by 1,068
(2014) · Taylor & Francis eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315800790 · Cited by 1,019
Prospective Patterns of Resilience and Maladjustment During Widowhood.
Bonanno, G. A., Wortman, C. B., & Nesse, R. M. (2004) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.19.2.260 · Cited by 595
The content and organization of autobiographical memories
Barsalou, L. W. (1988) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511664014.009 · Cited by 446
Living beyond loss: death in the family
(1991) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-2397 · Cited by 438
Research works printed but not linked: 12
- Attig T., 2000, The heart of grief
- Currier J., 2006, Violence
- Guidano V. F., 1991, The self in process
- Janoff-Bulman R., 2000, Loss and trauma
- Neimeyer R. A., 2004, On Series 1: Systems of psychotherapy [VHS video/DVD]
- 10.1080/07481180490461179 · DOI
- Neimeyer R. A., 2005, Late life widowhood in the United States
- Neimeyer R. A., 2002, Disenfranchised grief, 97
- Prigerson H., 2005, Omega, 49
- Silverman G. K., 2001, Israel Journal of Psychiatry, 38, 202
- Stroebe M., 2001, Handbook of bereavement research
- Worden J. W., 1991, Grief counseling and grief therapy: A handbook for mental health practitioners
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Gillies, J., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2006) · Journal of Constructivist Psychology · doi:10.1080/10720530500311182 · Cited by 678
Self-citationContinuing bonds and reconstructing meaning: mitigating complications in bereavement.
Neimeyer, R. A., Baldwin, S. A., & Gillies, J. (2006) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481180600848322 · Cited by 497
Self-citationPredictors of grief following the death of one's child: the contribution of finding meaning
Keesee, N. J., Currier, J. M., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20502 · Cited by 358
Self-citationContinuing Bonds, Risk Factors for Complicated Grief, and Adjustment to Bereavement
Field, N. P., & Filanosky, C. (2009) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481180903372269 · Cited by 295
Taku, K., Calhoun, L. G., Cann, A., & Tedeschi, R. G. (2008) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481180801974745 · Cited by 212
Effects of directed written disclosure on grief and distress symptoms among bereaved individuals
Lichtenthal, W. G., & Cruess, D. G. (2010) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2010.483332 · Cited by 100
Parental Grief and Memento Mori Photography: Narrative, Meaning, Culture, and Context
Blood, C., & Cacciatore, J. (2014) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2013.788584 · Cited by 65
Mediating Grief: Postmortem Ritualization After Child Death
Cacciatore, J., & Flint, M. (2011) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2011.595299 · Cited by 65
From Sense-Making to Meaning-Making: Understanding and Supporting Survivors of Suicide
Dransart, D. A. C. (2013) · The British Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1093/bjsw/bct026 · Cited by 60
Prolonged grief symptomatology following violent loss: The mediating role of meaning
Milman, E., Neimeyer, R. A., Fitzpatrick, M., MacKinnon, C. J., Muis, K. R., & Cohen, S. R. (2017) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2018.1503522 · Cited by 56
Self-citationPicione, R. D. L., Martino, M. L., & Freda, M. F. (2016) · Journal of Constructivist Psychology · doi:10.1080/10720537.2016.1227738 · Cited by 56
Innovative Moments in Grief Therapy: Reconstructing Meaning Following Perinatal Death
Alves, D., Mendes, I., Gonçalves, M. M., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2012) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2011.608291 · Cited by 51
Self-citationBringing injustice back in: Secondary victimization as epistemic injustice
Pemberton, A., & Mulder, E. (2023) · Criminology & Criminal Justice · doi:10.1177/17488958231181345 · Cited by 70
Neonatal End-of-Life Spiritual Support Care
Rosenbaum, J. L., Smith, J. R., & Zollfrank, R. (2011) · The Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1097/jpn.0b013e318209e1d2 · Cited by 50
Alves, D., Fernández-Navarro, P., Baptista, J., Ribeiro, E., Sousa, I., & Gonçalves, M. M. (2014) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2013.814927 · Cited by 52
Martino, M. L., & Freda, M. F. (2016) · Europe’s Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejop.v12i4.1150 · Cited by 44
Underfifty Women and Breast Cancer: Narrative Markers of Meaning-Making in Traumatic Experience
Martino, M. L., Lemmo, D., Gargiulo, A., Barberio, D., Abate, V., Avino, F., & Tortoriello, R. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00618 · Cited by 47
Freda, M. F., & Martino, M. L. (2014) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732314551059 · Cited by 40
Rumination moderates the role of meaning in the development of prolonged grief symptomatology
Milman, E. J., Neimeyer, R. A., Fitzpatrick, M. R., MacKinnon, C. J., Muis, K. R., & Cohen, S. R. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22751 · Cited by 48
Self-citationWhat Does Posttraumatic Growth Mean to Chinese Burn Patients: A Phenomenological Study
Zhai, J., Liu, X., Wu, J., & Jiang, H. (2010) · Journal of Burn Care & Research · doi:10.1097/bcr.0b013e3181db5240 · Cited by 36
Predictores de duelo complicado
(2008) · Complutensian Scientific Journals (Complutense University of Madrid) · doi:10.5209/rev_psic.2008.v5.n2.16287 · Cited by 32
Measuring grief in caregivers of persons with acquired brain injury
Marwit, S. J., & Kaye, P. N. (2006) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699050601082214 · Cited by 32
The Effects of Preparedness for Suicide Following the Death of a Young Adult Child
Maple, M. J., Plummer, D., Edwards, H. E., & Minichiello, V. (2007) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.2007.37.2.127 · Cited by 29
Guthrie, D. (2023) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916221093613 · Cited by 26
Bereaved Elders: Transformative Learning in Late Life
Moon, P. J. (2010) · Adult Education Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0741713610363020 · Cited by 30
Predictors of Posttraumatic Growth in Adults Bereaved by Suicide
Drapeau, C. W., Lockman, J. D., Moore, M. M., & Cerel, J. (2018) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000556 · Cited by 28
Martino, M. L., & Freda, M. F. (2016) · The Qualitative Report · doi:10.46743/2160-3715/2016.2311 · Cited by 25
Fragmented Stories: The Narrative Integration of Violent Loss
Currier, J. M., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2006) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203961469-6 · Cited by 21
Self-citationPark, S.-R., & Cha, Y.-J. (2022) · The Arts in Psychotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.aip.2022.101972 · Cited by 20
Wang, N., Chung, M. C., Zhang, J., & Fang, S. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.04.148 · Cited by 19
Experiences of widows with children: A qualitative study about spousal death in Iran
Khosravan, S., Salehi, S., Ahmadi, F., Sharif, F., & Zamani, A. (2010) · Nursing and Health Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1442-2018.2010.00522.x · Cited by 19
Martino, M. L., Lemmo, D., Testoni, I., Iacona, E., Pizzolato, L., Freda, M. F., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2022) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs12040093 · Cited by 21
Self-citationFrom sense to meaning: Narrative Function Coding System for the experience of illness
Freda, M. F., Lemmo, D., Auriemma, E., Picione, R. D. L., & Martino, M. L. (2022) · Qualitative Research Journal · doi:10.1108/qrj-06-2022-0081 · Cited by 18
Delgado, H., Goergen, J., Tyler, J., & Windham, H. (2023) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/00302228231193184 · Cited by 20
MacDermott, C., & Keenan, P. (2014) · International Journal of Palliative Nursing · doi:10.12968/ijpn.2014.20.12.584 · Cited by 17
Martino, M. L., Lemmo, D., Moylan, J., Stevenson, C., Bonalume, L., Freda, M. F., & Singer, J. A. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20021492 · Cited by 16
Grief and loss for patients before and after heart transplant
Poole, J. M., Ward, J., Deluca, E., Shildrick, M., Abbey, S. E., Mauthner, O. E., & Ross, H. J. (2016) · Heart & Lung · doi:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2016.01.006 · Cited by 16
Fioretti, C., Vinciarelli, V., Faggi, D., Caligiani, L., Tessitore, F., Castelnuovo, G., & Cozzolino, M. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19159619 · Cited by 15
Palgi, Y., & Ben‐Ezra, M. (2010) · Pragmatic Case Studies in Psychotherapy · doi:10.14713/pcsp.v6i1.1012 · Cited by 14
Imagined Anatomy and Other Lessons from Learner Verification Interviews with Mexican Immigrant Women
Hunter, J. L., & Kelly, P. J. (2012) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2012.01410.x · Cited by 16
Feigelman, W. T., Bottomley, J. S., & Titlestad, K. B. (2022) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2022.2081267 · Cited by 12
Silenced voices: Experiences of grief following road traffic crashes in Western Australia
Breen, L. J. (2006) · Australasian Journal of Paramedicine · Cited by 12
Martino, M. L., Lemmo, D., Gargiulo, A., Barberio, D., Abate, V., Avino, F., & Freda, M. F. (2021) · Health Psychology Report · doi:10.5114/hpr.2021.105363 · Cited by 11
Understanding the Experiences of Survivors of a Loss by Suicide: A Photovoice Study
Mayton, H. N., & Wester, K. L. (2018) · Journal of Creativity in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15401383.2018.1491814 · Cited by 11
Pet Loss and Grief: An Integrative Perspective
Boyraz, G., & Bricker, M. E. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-9761-6_22 · Cited by 11
Cognitive Behavior Couple Therapy-REBT Model for Traumatic Bereavement
Malkinson, R., & Brask-Rustad, T. (2013) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-013-0164-1 · Cited by 10
Hasson‐Ohayon, I., Peri, T., Rotschild, I., & Tuval‐Mashiach, R. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22479 · Cited by 9
Martino, M. L., Lemmo, D., Gargiulo, A., Barberio, D., Abate, V., & Freda, M. F. (2022) · Journal of Constructivist Psychology · doi:10.1080/10720537.2022.2043208 · Cited by 9
Milman, E. J., Williams, J. L., Bountress, K. E., & Rheingold, A. A. (2018) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/0886-6708.v33.i2.124 · Cited by 9
Martino, M. L., Sebri, V., Singer, J. A., Madow, K., Giudice, A. V., Mazzoni, D., Freda, M. F., & Pravettoni, G. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1433266 · Cited by 8
Being-towards-grief: rethinking death awareness
Sköld, A. B. (2020) · Mortality · doi:10.1080/13576275.2020.1779203 · Cited by 8
Soykan, N. Y. (2020) · Journal of Turkish Studies · doi:10.7827/turkishstudies.45119 · Cited by 8
Fekete, E. M., Chatterton, M., Skinta, M. D., & Williams, S. L. (2016) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-016-9715-0 · Cited by 8
Complicated Bereavement: A Commentary on its State of Evolution
Goodkin, K., Lee, D., Frasca, A., Molina, R., Zheng, W., O’Mellan, S., Farhat, D., & Khamis, I. H. (2006) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.2190/1mgy-u3rb-vypp-q8gm · Cited by 7
Khosravan, S., Shahriar, S., Ahmadi, F., & Sharif, F. (2010) · Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal · Cited by 7
Sabucedo, P., Andión, O., Neimeyer, R. A., Soto-Angona, O., Javkin, J., Haro, J. M., Farré, M., & González, D. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1484736 · Cited by 6
“…self-referred groups experiencing loss and transition (91) and mourners meeting criterial for PGD (92) have strongly supported the effectiveness of the model and, added to a growing literature, indicate that meaning-making prospectively predicts positive adaptation to bereavement (88, 92 – 95).”
Self-citationManevich, A., & Singer, J. (2026) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2025.12.015 · Cited by 6
Froese, J., McDermott, L. M., & Iwasaki, Y. (2019) · Annals of Leisure Research · doi:10.1080/11745398.2019.1616572 · Cited by 8
How mothers experience personal growth after a perinatal loss
Thomadaki, O. O. (2012) · City Research Online (City University London) · Cited by 6
Benton, L., & Sexton, A. (2024) · Journal of Documentation · doi:10.1108/jd-04-2024-0075 · Cited by 5
Aging and Neuropsychiatric Disease: A General Overview of Prevalence and Trends
Milić, J. (2022) · Physiology · doi:10.5772/intechopen.103102 · Cited by 5
Constructivist Retelling of the Epic of Gilgamesh: Implications for the COVID-19 Pandemic
Zhu, P., & Zheng, Y. (2020) · Journal of Constructivist Psychology · doi:10.1080/10720537.2020.1786867 · Cited by 5
Letting go or pushing forward: Director death and firm risk-taking
Weng, D. H., & Kim, K. (2023) · Long Range Planning · doi:10.1016/j.lrp.2023.102322 · Cited by 5
An Overview Of Complicated Grief Terminology And Diagnostic Criteria
Lobb, E. A., Kristjanson, L. J., Aoun, S. M., & Monterosso, L. (2006) · Research Online (Edith Cowan University) · Cited by 5
Continuing bonds of bereaved Muslims mothers with their young dead child
Ismail, A., & Dekel, R. (2023) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2023.2258486 · Cited by 4
Albuquerque, S., Henriques, M., Rosa, P. J., Delalibera, M., Neimeyer, R. A., Coelho, A., & Batista, J. (2024) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2024.2334098 · Cited by 4
Self-citationde Paiva, T. C., Faria, A. L., & Soares, L. (2024) · Journal of Poetry Therapy · doi:10.1080/08893675.2024.2376105 · Cited by 4
Fioretti, C., Faggi, D., & Caligiani, L. (2020) · European Journal of Cancer Care · doi:10.1111/ecc.13338 · Cited by 5
Perinatal Loss and Parents’ Grief Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Mixed-Method Research
Vincenzo, C. D., Cena, L., Trainini, A., Nieddu, C., Iacona, E., Ronconi, L., & Testoni, I. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14040339 · Cited by 4
Assimilation in bereavement: charting the process of grief recovery in the case of Sophie
Wilson, J. F., Gabriel, L., & Stiles, W. B. (2021) · British Journal of Guidance and Counselling · doi:10.1080/03069885.2021.1983154 · Cited by 3
Handprints on the soul: The impact of legacy building interventions on bereaved families
Leigh, K. (2016) · ProQuest Demo Repository · Cited by 3
Writing interventions with cancer survivors: which paradigms for which effects? A systematic review
Martino, M. L., Nerini, A., Quarata, E., Facchini, G., Barraco, C., D'Arienzo, A., Nicastro, A., Cesaro, M. G., Freda, M. F., & Bolognini, I. (2025) · European Journal of Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2025.103045 · Cited by 4
Wilson, J., Gabriel, L., & James, H. (2014) · British Journal of Guidance and Counselling · doi:10.1080/03069885.2014.936823 · Cited by 2
Kissane, D. W. (2021) · doi:10.1093/med/9780198821328.003.0075 · Cited by 2
Rolbiecki, A. J., Washington, K. T., & Posley, K. (2023) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/00302228231169150 · Cited by 2
The Role of Religious Orientation and Ethnic Identity on Religious Coping Among Bereaved Individuals
Cruz‐Ortega, L. G. (2013) · doi:10.32597/dissertations/306/ · Cited by 2
Quality of Life of Adolescents Following Heart Transplantation
Anthony, S. J. (2011) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · Cited by 2
Brady, D. (2007) · Bereavement Care · doi:10.1080/02682620708657682 · Cited by 2
Trauma, Grief and Political Transformation
Hutchison, E. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781316154670.010 · Cited by 1
Bereavement in an Elderly Client: Making Sense and Finding Meaning
Lee, A., & Choo, C. C. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-7631-3_7 · Cited by 1
Protective Factors Associated With the Loss of a Child due to Oncological Illness: Systematic Review
González-Biber, M., Rueda-Extremera, M., Gómez-Martínez, S., & Cantero-García, M. (2024) · Omega · doi:10.1177/00302228241272500 · Cited by 1
Childress, L. D. (2015) · Digital Commons - East Tennessee State University (East Tennessee State University) · Cited by 1
Krueger, G. (2009) · Summit (Simon Fraser University) · Cited by 1
An examination of the relationship between attachment and loss : the role of meaning-making
Douglas, R. P. (2014) · Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library)
Complicated Grief and the Quest for Meaning: Contributions to a Cognitive-Constructivist Model
Neimeyer, R. A. (2007) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja)
Self-citationAndersson, T. E. (2012) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network)
Clarke, R. S. (2015) · NSUWorks (Nova Southeastern University)
The emotional constitution of political community
Hutchison, E. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781316154670.007
da Silva, V. A. (2017) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.7.2017.tde-10052017-091815
Malkinson, R., & Geron, Y. (2006) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203961469-14
Lebel, U., & Ben-Gal, T. (2021) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190910358.003.0004
Where Are They Now: The Narratives of Children Who Lost a Parent on 9/11
Sliwak, R. M., Lee, M., & Collins, M. H. (2022) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/00302228221127824
Tapp, D., Grenier, J., Chénard, J., Henry, M., Gagnon, P. R., Masella, J., Plaisance, A., & Plamondon, L. (2023) · Etudes sur la mort/Études sur la mort · doi:10.3917/eslm.159.0101
Evolving Posttraumatic Growth in Family Bereavement: A Post-Intentional Reflexion
Nirk, T. L., DeDiego, A. C., Morris-Howe, L.-N. B., Jaime, A. M., Morgan, M., & Nichols, L. (2023) · Journal of Creativity in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15401383.2023.2254682
Support for Complicated Grief in Military Primary Care: Associations, Challenges, and Opportunities
Gibson, L. (2023) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/usad410
Significado versus Sentido: Uma Proposta de Distinção Conceitual aos Estudos sobre o Luto
Nascimento, R. B. T. (2023) · Estudos e Pesquisas em Psicologia · doi:10.12957/epp.2023.79275
Gibson, L. (2024) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/00302228241241098 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Neimeyer, R. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Memphis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Neimeyer, Robert A.
- ORCID
- Neimeyer, Robert A.
- Venue
- OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2006-02
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 37-52
- ISSN
- 0030-2228 (ISSN-L)
- 1541-3764
- OpenAlex
- W2028227904
- Cited by
- 109
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 5.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Death, Funerary Practices, and Mourning
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Keywords
- complicated grief, bereavement, meaning-making, constructivism, diagnostic criteria, grief, adaptation to loss, death and dying
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review