Effect of Interactive eHealth Interventions on Improving Medication Adherence in Adults With Long-Term Medication: Systematic Review
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Abstract
Background: Medication nonadherence leads to suboptimal treatment outcomes, making it a major priority in health care. eHealth provides an opportunity to offer medication adherence interventions with minimal effort from health care providers whose time and resources are limited. Objective: The aim of this systematic review is twofold: (1) to evaluate effectiveness of recently developed and tested interactive eHealth (including mHealth) interventions on medication adherence in adult patients using long-term medication and (2) to describe strategies among effective interventions. Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, and Web of Science were systematically searched from January 2014 to July 2019 as well as reference lists and citations of included articles. Eligible studies fulfilled the following inclusion criteria: (1) randomized controlled trial with a usual care control group; (2) a total sample size of at least 50 adult patients using long-term medication; (3) applying an interactive eHealth intervention aimed at the patient or patient’s caregiver; and (4) medication adherence as primary outcome. Methodologic quality was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Selection and quality assessment of studies were performed by 2 researchers (BP and BvdB or JV) independently. A best evidence synthesis was performed according to the Cochrane Back Review Group. Results: Of the 9047 records screened, 22 randomized clinical trials were included reporting on 29 interventions. Most (21/29, 72%) interventions specified using a (mobile) phone for calling, SMS text messaging, or mobile apps. A majority of all interactive interventions (17/29) had a statistically significant effect on medication adherence (P<.05). Of these interventions, 9 had at least a small effect size (Cohen d ≥ 0.2) and 3 showed strong odds for becoming adherent in the intervention group (odds ratio > 2.0). Our best evidence synthesis provided strong evidence for a positive effect of interventions using SMS text messages or interactive voice response, mobile app, and calls as mode of providing adherence tele-feedback. Intervention strategies “to teach medication management skills,” “to improve health care quality by coordinating medication adherence care between professionals,” and “to facilitate communication or decision making between patients and health care providers” also showed strong evidence for a positive effect. Conclusions: Overall, this review supports the hypothesis that interactive eHealth interventions can be effective in improving medication adherence. Intervention strategies that improve patients’ treatment involvement and their medication management skills are most promising and should be considered for implementation in practice.
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Healthcare technology innovations frequently remain confined to small-scale demonstration initiatives.
“Healthcare technology innovations hold considerable promise for enhancing patient outcomes and service efficiency, but they frequently remain confined to small-scale demonstration initiatives [1–5].”
From The NASSS (Non-Adoption, Abandonment, Scale-Up, Spread and Sustainability) framework use over time: A scoping review (2025) · cites this paper as [5]
The Introduction describes eHealth as promising, and the Results summarize evaluated medication-adherence interventions, but neither addresses whether healthcare technologies frequently remain confined to small-scale demonstrations. Searches for pilot initiatives, scale-up, and routine implementation found no passage establishing that claim in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.73)
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- Authors
- Pouls, B. P. H., Vriezekolk, J. E., Bekker, C. L., Linn, A. J., van Onzenoort, H. A. W., Vervloet, M., van Dulmen, S., & van den Bemt, B. J. F.
- Affiliations
- Radboud University Medical Center (NL)
- Sint Maartenskliniek (NL)
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Pouls, Bart P H
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Medical Internet Research
- Publisher
- JMIR Publications Inc.
- Published
- 2021-01-08
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- e18901
- ISSN
- 1438-8871 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7822716
- OpenAlex
- W3118545579
- Cited by
- 123
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 7
- FWCI
- 4.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Journal of Medical Internet Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Family Practice › Medication Adherence and Compliance
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Health Information Management › Health, Technology, Consumer Behavior
- Keywords
- medication adherence, digital health interventions, mobile health, long-term medication, interactive voice response, safety management systems, mobile application, patient-provider communication, caregivers, intervention strategies, best evidence synthesis, risk of bias, quality of evidence, care coordination, patient decision-making
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Telemedicine, Risk Assessment, Medication Adherence, Mobile Applications
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