User-Centered Design of Companion Robot Pets Involving Care Home Resident-Robot Interactions and Focus Groups With Residents, Staff, and Family: Qualitative Study
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Abstract
Background: Globally, pressure is increasing on health and social care resources due to the aging population and growing prevalence of dementia. Companion robots, such as Paro, demonstrate strong potential for helping reduce this pressure through reported benefits including reduced agitation, depression, loneliness, care provider burden, and medication use. However, we previously identified that user-centered design of robot pets is both essential and understudied. We observed that commonly used robot pets are poorly matched to end-user requirements, and that end users and developers of robot pets differ significantly in their perception of appropriate design. This may explain some of the contradictory outcome research and variance in results for robot pets, such as Paro. Objective: In response to the literature gap, we aimed to provide user-centered insights into the design of robot pets from key stakeholders to inform future robot development and the choice of robots for real-world implementation and research. We focused on understanding user requirements. Methods: We conducted a qualitative study with 65 participants from 5 care homes (26 care home residents, 29 staff members. and 10 family members). Care home residents formed groups of between 3 and 4 individuals and experienced free interactions with a range of 8 companion robots and toys, including Paro and more affordable alternatives. The robots provided had a range of esthetics, shell types, interactivity levels, and designs for comparison. Care staff and family members observed the interactions. All participants then engaged in focus groups within their stakeholder category to discuss preferences and user requirements in companion robot design. Both free interactions and focus groups were video and audio recorded, transcribed, and subjected to thematic analysis. Results: Care home residents, family members, and staff were open and accepting of the use of companion robot pets, with the majority suggesting that they would keep a device for themselves or the residents. The most preferred device was the Joy for All cat, followed by the Joy for All dog. In discussions, the preferred design features included familiar animal embodiment (domestic pet), soft fur, interactivity, big appealing eyes, simulated breathing, and movements. Unfamiliar devices were more often seen as toy-like and suitable for children, producing some negative responses. Conclusions: This work provides important and user-centered insights into future robot designs for care home residents by means of a comprehensive comparison with key stakeholders. This work strongly supports the use of familiar embodiment in future robot pet designs, with domestic cat and dog morphologies appearing most acceptable. The results have implications for future robot designs and the selection of robot pets for both research and real-world implementations.
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None of the examples that introduced robot prototypes prior to or during design sessions conducted any validation with participants during or after the design process.
“Ostrowski et al. [31] also included the robot prototype in the design session itself, but none of these examples conducted any validation with the participants during or after the design process.”
From Situated Participatory Design: A Method for In Situ Design of Robotic Interaction with Older Adults (2023) · cites this paper as [7]
The Introduction (Background; page unavailable) says Bradwell et al. addressed user requirements—the first stage of the design cycle—rather than prototype production and user-based assessment. The Methods (Design; page unavailable) describe participant interactions and focus groups, but do not establish the broader claim that none of the other examples validated a design with participants. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAlthough sPD is designed to evaluate a single platform, sPD could be used with other platforms or be combined with other PD work to explore trade offs and preferences for different platforms and capabilities.
“Although sPD is designed to evaluate a single platform, sPD could be used with other platforms or be combined with other PD work [e.g., 7] to explore trade offs and preferences for different platforms and capabilities.”
From Situated Participatory Design: A Method for In Situ Design of Robotic Interaction with Older Adults (2023) · cites this paper as [7]
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Additional file 5 of Determinants of implementing of pet robots in nursing homes for dementia care
Koh, W. Q., Toomey, E., Flynn, A., & Casey, D. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19915434
Additional file 4 of Determinants of implementing of pet robots in nursing homes for dementia care
Koh, W. Q., Toomey, E., Flynn, A., & Casey, D. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19915431
Additional file 3 of Determinants of implementing of pet robots in nursing homes for dementia care
Koh, W. Q., Toomey, E., Flynn, A., & Casey, D. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19915428
Additional file 1 of Determinants of implementing of pet robots in nursing homes for dementia care
Koh, W. Q., Toomey, E., Flynn, A., & Casey, D. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19915422
Additional file 2 of Determinants of implementing of pet robots in nursing homes for dementia care
Koh, W. Q., Toomey, E., Flynn, A., & Casey, D. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19915425
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- Authors
- Bradwell, H. L., Edwards, K., Shenton, D., Winnington, R., Thill, S., & Jones, R. B.
- Affiliations
- University of Plymouth (GB)
- Auckland University of Technology (NZ)
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Bradwell, Hannah Louise
- Venue
- JMIR Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies
- Publisher
- JMIR Publications Inc.
- Published
- 2021-11-01
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- e30337
- ISSN
- 2369-2529 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8593804
- OpenAlex
- W3203023905
- Cited by
- 54
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 6.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- JMIR Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PEARL (University of Plymouth) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- PEARL (University of Plymouth) (submittedVersion)
- PEARL (University of Plymouth) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- European Regional Development Fund
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
- Social Sciences › Demography › Technology Use by Older Adults
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Human-Animal Interaction Studies
- Keywords
- companion robots, pet robots, user-centered design, nursing home residents, dementia care, Paros, robot morphology, human-robot interaction, user requirements, robot acceptance, population aging, stakeholder perspectives
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