Should Health Organizations Use Web 2.0 Media in Times of an Infectious Disease Crisis? An In-depth Qualitative Study of Citizens’ Information Behavior During an EHEC Outbreak
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Web 2.0 media (eg, Facebook, Wikipedia) are considered very valuable for communicating with citizens in times of crisis. However, in the case of infectious disease outbreaks, their value has not been determined empirically. In order to be able to take full advantage of Web 2.0 media in such a situation, the link between these media, citizens' information behavior, and citizens' information needs has to be investigated. OBJECTIVE: The goal of our study was to assess citizens' Web 2.0 media use during an infectious disease outbreak and to determine which Web 2.0 medium is used for which goal. With this information, we wanted to formulate recommendations for health organizations that consider using Web 2.0 media as part of their communication strategy during an infectious disease outbreak. METHODS: A total of 18 student participants kept an information diary for 4 weeks during the 2011 enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) outbreak in Germany. Of them, 9 lived at the epicenter of the outbreak and 9 of them at some distance. The diaries were supplemented by a qualitative pre-survey (demographics) and postsurvey (questioning their satisfaction with information provision during the outbreak). RESULTS: The Internet appeared to be the most popular medium for passively receiving EHEC-related information, with news websites and websites of newspapers as the most consulted sources. Twitter was used for receiving information to a small degree, while Facebook played virtually no role. Participants indicated that they thought information posted on Twitter or Facebook was not reliable or was out of place. When actively seeking information, online newspapers and wikis were important sources. Several causes for (dis)satisfaction with information provision were uncovered: source credibility, contradicting messages, and a need for closure. CONCLUSIONS: During an infectious disease outbreak, our small sample of students did not see social media (like Facebook and Twitter) as suitable or reliable sources for communicating information, but primarily viewed them as a tool for communicating with friends. Wikis, however, did fill several information needs, especially when citizens are actively searching for information. For many, source credibility is an important asset of information usefulness. Finally, we provide several general recommendations for communicating with citizens during an infectious disease outbreak.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Including participants who are willing and able to constantly provide input on their experience for a longer period of time can be challenging and time consuming, which also applies when it comes to ensuring that participants do not drop out during the study.
“Second, including participants who are willing and able to constantly provide input on their experience for a longer period of time can be challenging and time consuming, which also applies when it comes to ensuring that participants do not drop out during the study”
From Methods for Human-Centered eHealth Development: Narrative Scoping Review (2022) · cites this paper as [130]
When researchers want to study experiences during a specific event such as a virus outbreak, they ideally want to start collecting data from the beginning of the outbreak, but in practice this is often impossible.
“Third, when researchers want to study experiences during a specific event such as a virus outbreak, they ideally want to start collecting data from the beginning of the outbreak. However, in practice, this is often impossible.”
From Methods for Human-Centered eHealth Development: Narrative Scoping Review (2022) · cites this paper as [130]
Experience sampling was found to be a suitable method to explore an existing situation and thus to provide valuable input for further eHealth development.
“First, experience sampling was found to be a suitable method to explore an existing situation and thus to provide valuable input for further eHealth development”
From Methods for Human-Centered eHealth Development: Narrative Scoping Review (2022) · cites this paper as [130]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Using thematic analysis in psychology
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006) · Qualitative Research in Psychology · doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa · Cited by 194,414 · see citing works
The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data
Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2529310 · Cited by 81,148 · see citing works
Qualitative research in health care: Analysing qualitative data
Pope, C. (2000) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.320.7227.114 · Cited by 8,131 · see citing works
Diary Methods: Capturing Life as it is Lived
Bolger, N., Davis, A., & Rafaeli, E. (2003) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145030 · Cited by 3,843 · see citing works
Qualitative Research in Health Care
(2006) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470750841 · Cited by 2,713 · see citing works
Pandemics in the Age of Twitter: Content Analysis of Tweets during the 2009 H1N1 Outbreak
Chew, C., & Eysenbach, G. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014118 · Cited by 1,614 · see citing works
Wilson, T. D. (2000) · Informing Science The International Journal of an Emerging Transdiscipline · doi:10.28945/576 · Cited by 1,460 · see citing works
Eysenbach, G. (2009) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.1157 · Cited by 1,351 · see citing works
Epidemic Profile of Shiga-Toxin–Producing<i>Escherichia coli</i>O104:H4 Outbreak in Germany
Frank, C., Werber, D., Cramer, J. P., Askar, M., Faber, M., an der Heiden, M., Bernard, H., Fruth, A., Prager, R., Spode, A., et al. (2011) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1106483 · Cited by 1,139 · see citing works
Harnessing the Crowdsourcing Power of Social Media for Disaster Relief
Gao, H., Barbier, G., & Goolsby, R. (2011) · IEEE Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1109/mis.2011.52 · Cited by 779 · see citing works
Risk Communication for Public Health Emergencies
Glik, D. C. (2007) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144123 · Cited by 733 · see citing works
German Outbreak of Escherichia coli O104:H4 Associated with Sprouts
Buchholz, U., Bernard, H., Werber, D., Böhmer, M. M., Remschmidt, C., Wilking, H., Deleré, Y., der Heiden, M. A., Adlhoch, C., Dreesman, J. M., et al. (2011) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1106482 · Cited by 724 · see citing works
Self‐Recording of Everyday Life Events: Origins, Types, and Uses
Wheeler, L. S., & Reis, H. T. (1991) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1991.tb00252.x · Cited by 709 · see citing works
A work-in-process literature review: Incorporating social media in risk and crisis communication
Veil, S. R., Buehner, T., & Palenchar, M. J. (2011) · Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management · doi:10.1111/j.1468-5973.2011.00639.x · Cited by 677 · cited 1× · see citing works
“0 technologies can be valuable instruments for organizations for informing the public and keeping them involved [35], and the uprisings across the Middle East and North Africa have suggested the same.”
BackgroundSARS Risk Perception, Knowledge, Precautions, and Information Sources, the Netherlands
Brug, J., Aro, A. R., Oenema, A., de Zwart, O., Richardus, J. H., & Bishop, G. D. (2004) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid1008.040283 · Cited by 524 · see citing works
Michino, H., Araki, K., Minami, S., Takaya, S., Sakai, N., Miyazaki, M., Ono, A., & Yanagawa, H. (1999) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010082 · Cited by 508 · see citing works
Bults, M., Beaujean, D. J., de Zwart, O., Kok, G., van Empelen, P., van Steenbergen, J. E., Richardus, J. H., & Voeten, H. A. (2011) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-2 · Cited by 508 · see citing works
Self-citationPope, C. J., Ziébland, S., & Mays, N. (2006) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470750841.ch7 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication
Reynolds, B. (2005) · Applied Biosafety · doi:10.1177/153567600501000106 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
A model for online consumer health information quality
Stvilia, B., Mon, L. M., & Yi, Y. J. (2009) · Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.21115 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Communicating with the public during health crises: experts' experiences and opinions
Holmes, B. J., Henrich, N. J., Hancock, S., & Lestou, V. S. (2009) · Journal of Risk Research · doi:10.1080/13669870802648486 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Vartti, A.-M., Oenema, A., Schreck, M., Uutela, A. K., de Zwart, O., Brug, J., & Aro, A. R. (2009) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-008-9004-6 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Boulos, M. N. K., Sanfilippo, A. P., Corley, C. D., & Wheeler, S. (2010) · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2010.02.007 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Public Sources of Information and Information Needs for Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1)
Wong, L. P., & Sam, I. (2010) · Journal of Community Health · doi:10.1007/s10900-010-9271-4 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Avery, E. J. (2010) · Journal of Public Relations Research · doi:10.1080/10627261003801404 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Talk About a Revolution: Social Media and the MENA Uprisings
Axford, B. (2011) · Globalizations · doi:10.1080/14747731.2011.621281 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Harris, P. R., Sillence, E., & Briggs, P. (2009) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.1097 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Galdo, J., Sokler, L. A., Reynolds, B., Seeger, M. W., Palenchar, M. J., Gable, L., Neuberger, B., & Christoffel, T. (2012) · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Examining Non-Critical Health Information Seeking: A Needs Analysis for Personal Health Records
Price, M. M., Pak, R., Müller, H., Stronge, A. J., & Breedlove, J. L. (2009) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/154193120905302204 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 31 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Yoo, W., Choi, D.-H., & Park, K. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.058 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Barros, J. M., Duggan, J., & Rebholz‐Schuhmann, D. (2019) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/13680 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Tang, L., & Zou, W. (2020) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2020.1847447 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Zhang, M. W., Ho, C. S. H., Pan, F., Lu, Y., & Ho, R. (2014) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/mhealth.2827 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Bapaye, J., & Bapaye, H. (2021) · JMIR Public Health and Surveillance · doi:10.2196/19858 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Superio, D. L., Anderson, K. L., Oducado, R. M. F., Luceño, M. T., Palcullo, V. E. V., & Bendalian, M. V. T. (2021) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102414 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Knowledge and risk perceptions of the Ebola virus in the United States
Rolison, J. J., & Hanoch, Y. (2015) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2015.04.005 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Methods for Human-Centered eHealth Development: Narrative Scoping Review
Kip, H., Keizer, J., da Silva, M. C., Beerlage-de Jong, N., Köhle, N., & Kelders, S. M. (2022) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/31858 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Methods for Human-Centered eHealth Development: Narrative Scoping Review (Preprint)
Kip, H., Keizer, J., da Silva, M. C., Beerlage-de Jong, N., Köhle, N., & Kelders, S. M. (2021) · doi:10.2196/preprints.31858 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Telling the tale: the role of narratives in helping people respond to crises
Liu, B. F., Austin, L., Lee, Y.-I., Jin, Y., & Kim, S. (2020) · Journal of Applied Communication Research · doi:10.1080/00909882.2020.1756377 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
A Systematic Review of the Use of Social Media for Food Safety Risk Communication
Overbey, K. N., Jaykus, L., & Chapman, B. (2017) · Journal of Food Protection · doi:10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-345 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Nebeker, C., Murray, K. E., Holub, C. K., Haughton, J., & Arredondo, E. M. (2017) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/mhealth.6494 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Association between Recruitment Methods and Attrition in Internet-Based Studies
Bajardi, P., Paolotti, D., Vespignani, A., Eames, K. T. D., Funk, S., Edmunds, W. J., Turbelin, C., Debin, M., Vittoria Colizza, A., Smallenburg, R., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0114925 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Knight, E., Werstine, R. J., Pennington, D. R., Fitzsimmons, D. A., & Petrella, R. J. (2014) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20130432 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Gesser‐Edelsburg, A., Walter, N., & Shir-Raz, Y. (2016) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2015.1110224 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
To praise or not to praise- Role of word of mouth in food delivery apps
Das, M., & Ramalingam, M. (2023) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2023.103408 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
van Velsen, L., Beaujean, D., van Gemert‐Pijnen, J. E. W. C., van Steenbergen, J., & Timen, A. (2014) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-100 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationPotential of social media as a tool to combat foodborne illness
Chapman, B., Raymond, B., & Powell, D. (2014) · Perspectives in Public Health · doi:10.1177/1757913914538015 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Bartlett, C., & Wurtz, R. M. (2013) · Journal of Public Health Management and Practice · doi:10.1097/phh.0000000000000041 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Köckerling, E., Karrasch, L., Schweitzer, A., Razum, O., & Krause, G. (2017) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2017.00332 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
#Healthy: smart digital food safety and nutrition communication strategies—a critical commentary
Schiro, J. L., Shan, L. C., Tatlow‐Golden, M., Li, C., & Wall, P. G. (2020) · npj Science of Food · doi:10.1038/s41538-020-00074-z · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Internet-Based Communication for Public Health: Systematic Review
Ceretti, E., Covolo, L., Cappellini, F., Nanni, A., Sorosina, S., Beatini, A., Taranto, M. A., Gasparini, A., CASTRO, P. D., Brusaferro, S., et al. (2022) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/38541 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Broekhuis, M., van Velsen, L., Franco, D. D., Pease, A., & Hermens, H. J. (2020) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2020.1837426 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Schol, L. G. C., Mollers, M., Swaan, C. M., Beaujean, D., Wong, A., & Timen, A. (2018) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-017-2906-7 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationFan, L., Li, L., & Hemphill, L. (2024) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/52997 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Patterns of Online Information Seeking and Avoidance about SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19
Link, E., Rosset, M., & Freytag, A. (2022) · European Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.47368/ejhc.2022.103 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Feinkohl, I., Flemming, D., Creß, U., & Kimmerle, J. (2016) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.4382 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Ethics of Healthcare Policy and the Concept of Solidarity
Prainsack, B., & Buyx, A. (2015) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137384935_39 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Kim, S., Austin, L., Liu, B. F., & Jin, Y. (2022) · Public Relations Review · doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2022.102204 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Kada, A., Chouikh, A., Mellouli, S., Prashad, A. J., Straus, S. E., & Fahim, C. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0273153 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Poel, F. T., Linn, A. J., Baumgartner, S. E., van Dijk, L., & Smit, E. S. (2021) · European Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.47368/ejhc.2021.302 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Austin, L., Jin, Y., Liu, B. F., & Kim, S. (2021) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2021.2006394 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Sharing experiential information in online discussion: the case of coping with the COVID-19 epidemic
Savolainen, R. (2021) · Journal of Documentation · doi:10.1108/jd-09-2020-0149 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Link, E. (2025) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/00936502251328717 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
An infodemiology study on breast cancer in Iran
SeyyedHosseini, S., Asemi, A., Shabani, A., & CheshmehSohrabi, M. (2018) · The Electronic Library · doi:10.1108/el-03-2017-0062 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Information behavior in crisis situations
Krakowska, M. (2020) · Zagadnienia Informacji Naukowej - Studia Informacyjne · doi:10.36702/zin.716 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Pan, X., & Yi-qun, L. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03238-0 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Mucević, H., McWhirter, J. E., Macleod, J., Shereefdeen, H., MacKay, M., Cheng, L., Phypers, M., & Grant, L. E. (2025) · Frontiers in Communication · doi:10.3389/fcomm.2024.1509940 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Tang, L., York, F. N., & Zou, W. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.709416 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Keeping an eye on the context: participatory development of eHealth to support clinical practice
Wentzel, J. (2015) · doi:10.3990/1.9789036539784 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationAbasse, K. S., Toulouse-Fournier, A., Paquet, C., Côté, A., Smith, P. Y., Bergeron, F., & Archambault, P. M. (2022) · International Journal of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2022.104814 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Approaches to Food Safety Education Among Critical Groups
Jackson‐Davis, A., Olsen, S., Chapman, B., Raymond, B., & Chaifetz, A. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800245-2.00017-4 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Given, L. M., Willson, R., Albrecht, L., & Scott, S. D. (2016) · Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/pra2.2016.14505301073 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Students’ Trust Formation and Credibility Judgements in Online Health Information – A Review Article
Khosrowjerdi, M., & Sundqvist, A. (2017) · Tidsskriftet Arkiv · doi:10.7577/ta.2165 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The use of social media by UK local resilience forums
Meaton, D. J., & Stringer, L. A. (2013) · WIT transactions on the built environment · doi:10.2495/dman130031 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Meet my HUBBI : he's an expert on eHealth usability
Broekhuis, M. (2022) · doi:10.3990/1.9789036554435 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Bandini, J. I., Rollison, J. M., & Etchegaray, J. M. (2021) · Qualitative Social Work · doi:10.1177/14733250211064812 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Resilient Information Networks for Coordination of Foodborne Disease Outbreaks
Hossain, L., Hassan, M. R., & Wigand, R. T. (2015) · Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness · doi:10.1017/dmp.2014.161 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Use of Social Media by UK Local Resilience Forums
Meaton, J., & Stringer, L. A. (2014) · University of Huddersfield Repository (University of Huddersfield)
Beaujean (2017) · doi:10.26481/dis.20170421db
Singh, R., Aggarwal, R., & Aggarwal, V. (2020) · International Journal of Computer Applications · doi:10.5120/ijca2020920912
Ceretti, E., Covolo, L., Cappellini, F., Nanni, A., Sorosina, S., Beatini, A., Taranto, M. A., Gasparini, A., Castro, P. D., Brusaferro, S., et al. (2022) · doi:10.2196/preprints.38541
Online documentation of flood events worldwide: insights from Wikidata and WikipediaPreprint
Lise, A. V., Bajemon, L., Genouel, M., Piégay, H., & Montagne, D. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.7312152
Cummings, L. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-15013-0_7
- Authors
- van Velsen, L., van Gemert-Pijnen, J. E. W. C., Beaujean, D. J. M. A., Wentzel, J., & van Steenbergen, J. E.
- Affiliations
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (NL)
- University of Twente (NL)
- Venue
- Journal of Medical Internet Research
- Publisher
- JMIR Publications Inc.
- Published
- 2012-12-20
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- e181
- ISSN
- 1438-8871 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3799610
- OpenAlex
- W2128286223
- Cited by
- 53
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 14.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Journal of Medical Internet Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Twente Research Information (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- University of Twente Research Information (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Communication › Public Relations and Crisis Communication
- Social Sciences › Health › Social Media in Health Education
- Social Sciences › Communication › Communication and COVID-19 Impact
- Keywords
- social media, infectious disease outbreaks, information needs, health communication, crisis communication, source credibility, wikis, Twitter, Facebook, information satisfaction
- MeSH terms
- Disease Outbreaks, Humans, Internet, Qualitative Research
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
