The DOI matches its Crossref record; 113 of the 114 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Clinical Effectiveness of Web-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy With Face-to-Face Therapist Support for Depressed Primary Care Patients: Randomized Controlled Trial
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Most patients with mild to moderate depression receive treatment in primary care, but despite guideline recommendations, structured psychological interventions are infrequently delivered. Research supports the effectiveness of Internet-based treatment for depression; however, few trials have studied the effect of the MoodGYM program plus therapist support. The use of such interventions could improve the delivery of treatment in primary care. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness and acceptability of a guided Web-based intervention for mild to moderate depression, which could be suitable for implementation in general practice. METHODS: Participants (N=106) aged between 18 and 65 years were recruited from primary care and randomly allocated to a treatment condition comprising 6 weeks of therapist-assisted Web-based cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), or to a 6-week delayed treatment condition. The intervention included the Norwegian version of the MoodGYM program, brief face-to-face support from a psychologist, and reminder emails. The primary outcome measure, depression symptoms, was measured by the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). Secondary outcome measures included the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), and the EuroQol Group 5-Dimension Self-Report Questionnaire (EQ-5D). All outcomes were based on self-report and were assessed at baseline, postintervention, and at 6-month follow-up. RESULTS: Postintervention measures were completed by 37 (71%) and 47 (87%) of the 52 participants in the intervention and 54 participants in the delayed treatment group, respectively. Linear mixed-models analyses revealed a significant difference in time trends between the groups for the BDI-II, (P=.002), for HADS depression and anxiety subscales (P<.001 and P=.001, respectively), and for the SWLS (P<.001). No differential group effects were found for the BAI and the EQ-5D. In comparison to the control group, significantly more participants in the intervention group experienced recovery from depression as measured by the BDI-II. Of the 52 participants in the treatment program, 31 (60%) adhered to the program, and overall treatment satisfaction was high. The reduction of depression and anxiety symptoms was largely maintained at 6-month follow-up, and positive gains in life satisfaction were partly maintained. CONCLUSIONS: The intervention combining MoodGYM and brief therapist support can be an effective treatment of depression in a sample of primary care patients. The intervention alleviates depressive symptoms and has a significant positive effect on anxiety symptoms and satisfaction with life. Moderate rates of nonadherence and predominately positive evaluations of the treatment also indicate the acceptability of the intervention. The intervention could potentially be used in a stepped-care approach, but remains to be tested in regular primary health care. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12610000257066; http://apps.who.int/trialsearch/trial.aspx?trialid=ACTRN12610000257066 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6Ie3YhIZa).
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“A recent study by Høifødt et al. [35] investigated the effect of a guided web-based intervention with face-to-face support, with positive results on depression and anxiety symptoms.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Muller, K. E., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270020 · Cited by 99,603
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,417
The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x · Cited by 47,139
The satisfaction with life scale
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13 · Cited by 31,768 · cited 1×
“The SWLS measures global life satisfaction as a cognitive-judgemental process, in which individuals assess their quality of life according to their own criteria [77].”
Background(1998) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · Cited by 19,139
An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties.
Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.56.6.893 · Cited by 14,407 · cited 1×
“The inventory possesses high internal consistency and reliability, as well as robust convergent and discriminant validity [64-66].”
BackgroundSAUNDERS, J. B., AASLAND, O. G., BABOR, T. F., DE LA FUENTE, J. R., & GRANT, M. (1993) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x · Cited by 13,597 · cited 2×
“The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) is a screening instrument consisting of 10 questions about alcohol use in the past 12 months, alcohol dependence symptoms, and alcohol-related problems [83].”
BackgroundMethod(1998) · PubMed · Cited by 10,216
The validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
Bjelland, I., Dahl, A. A., Haug, T. T., & Neckelmann, D. (2002) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(01)00296-3 · Cited by 9,779 · cited 2×
“Most factor analyses confirm a 2-factor solution comprising a depression and an anxiety subscale [69].”
BackgroundJacobson, N. S., & Truax, P. (1991) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.59.1.12 · Cited by 7,770 · cited 1×
“Clinically significant changes on the BDI-II were assessed using the criteria for reliable change and cutoff points developed for the BDI by Seggar et al [97], based on the definition by Jacobson and Truax [98].”
Method
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 114 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 12
- Kessler, RC, 2007, World Psychiatry, 6, 168
- Kessler, RC, 2001, Health Serv Res, 36, 987
- Churchill, R, 2001, Health Technol Assess, 5, 1
- Groves, C, 2003, Working out MoodGYM: A User’s Guide
- Hickie, IB, 2010, Med J Aust, 192, S31
- Wiebe, E, 2005, Can Fam Physician, 51, 992
- Blashki, G, 2003, Aust Fam Physician, 32, 625
- Beck, AT, 1996, BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory: Manual
- Beck, AT, 1993, Beck Anxiety Inventory: Manual
- Sheehan, DV, 1998, J Clin Psychiatry, 59 Suppl 20, 22
- Barrett, JE, 2001, J Fam Pract, 50, 405
- van Boeijen, CA, 2005, Br J Gen Pract, 55, 763
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–154 of 154
Ahmedani, B. K., Belville-Robertson, T. L., Hirsch, A., & Jurayj, A. (2016) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2016.03.003 · Cited by 8
AlHadi, A. N., Alammari, K. A., Alsiwat, L. J., Alhaidri, N. E., Alabdulkarim, N., Altwaijri, N. A., & AlSohaili, S. A. (2021) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/26294 · Cited by 7
“Furthermore, cCBT can be delivered with or without therapist guidance [6].”
BackgroundPeut-on faire une TCC sans thérapeute ? Composantes actives des TCC informatisées pour la dépression
Iakimova, G., Dimitrova, S., & Burté, T. (2016) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2016.08.006 · Cited by 34
Abbasian, F., Naghizadeh, M., & Ahmadian, L. (2024) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-024-11988-9 · Cited by 11
Schotanus, A. Y., Dozeman, E., Ikelaar, S. L. C., van Straten, A., Beekman, A. T. F., van Nassau, F., Bosmans, J. E., & van Schaik, A. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04492-z · Cited by 6
Brown, M., Hooper, N., Eslambolchilar, P., & John, A. M. (2020) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/22507 · Cited by 6
“Web-delivered interventions, which are understood to be effective and cost-effective, may be helpful in this regard [7-12].”
Branquinho, M., Canavarro, M. C., & Fonseca, A. (2024) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.70007 · Cited by 5
Shafierizi, S., Basirat, Z., Amiri, F. N., Kheirkhah, F., Geraili, Z., Pasha, H., & Faramarzi, M. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-05484-3 · Cited by 7
“We determined the sample size using a previous study [46].”
MethodA questionnaire-based qualitative study of therapist views on computerized CBT
Newton, J., & Sundin, E. (2016) · The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist · doi:10.1017/s1754470x16000131 · Cited by 7
“While BtB does not include therapist guidance, there are other cCBT packages that do (Høifødt et al. 2013).”
BackgroundGilchrist, G., Dheensa, S., Johnson, A., Henderson, J., Radcliffe, P., Dwyer, G., Turner, R. C., Thomson, K., Brooks, C. P., Love, B., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1253126 · Cited by 5
Krause, K., Gürtler, D., Bischof, G., Rumpf, H.-J., Lucht, M., John, U., & Meyer, C. (2016) · Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie, Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1024/1661-4747/a000270 · Cited by 10
Carey, M., Kerr‐Gaffney, J., Strawbridge, R., Hieronymus, F., McCutcheon, R. A., Young, A. H., & Jauhar, S. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.04.070 · Cited by 5
Branquinho, M., Canavarro, M. C., & Fonseca, A. (2023) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-023-00182-0 · Cited by 5
“Other studies assessing the feasibility or effectiveness of blended interventions for depression have reported no dropouts (Nakao et al., 2018; Schuster et al., 2018a) or dropout rates ranging from 13% (Kemmeren et al., 2019) to 40% (Høifødt et al., 2013).”
InfluentialBarriers to Implementation of a Technology-Based Mental Health Intervention in a Rural Setting
Antle, B. F., Harris, L. M., Wright, J. H., Eells, T. D., Cappiccie, A., Williams, S. M., Katz, R., Logsdon, A. R., & Owen, J. J. (2021) · Contemporary Rural Social Work Journal · doi:10.61611/2165-4611.1220 · Cited by 3
“In two other studies in primary care (Høifødt et al., 2013; Mohr et al., 2013), depression rating scale scores improved more with CCBT than with a wait list.”
BackgroundOtu, M. S., & Sefotho, M. M. (2024) · World Journal of Clinical Cases · doi:10.12998/wjcc.v12.i2.322 · Cited by 4
“…coaching (CBCC) has been proven effective in addressing a number of emotional challenges, including anxiety, depression, worries, drug-related problems, relationship problems, and a host of other psychological problems, all of which are caused by unhelpful behaviors and flawed thinking[38-40].”
Sogomonjan, M., Kerikmäe, T., & Ööpik, P. (2018) · TalTech Journal of European Studies · doi:10.1515/bjes-2018-0019 · Cited by 4
“Only a small number of participants in our review completed all sessions of iCBT (Berger et al., 2017; Høifødt et al., 2013; Newby et al., 2013; Rollman et al., 2017; Simblett et al., 2017; Gilbody et al., 2017; Kivi et al., 2014; de Graaf et al., 2009; Levin et al., 2011; de Graaf et al., 2011; Hickie et al., 2010; K…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialWilliams, M. K., Shell, A. L., Wu, W., MacDonald, K. L., Callahan, C. M., Nürnberger, J. I., Crawford, C. A., Schuiling, M. D., & Stewart, J. C. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120272 · Cited by 3
Farrand, P. A., Raue, P. J., Ward, E. C., Healey, S., & Baker, J. (2025) · Academia Mental Health and Well-Being · doi:10.20935/mhealthwellb7785 · Cited by 3
Sogomonjan, M., Kerikmäe, T., Ööpik, P., & Ross, P. (2019) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2019.1637623 · Cited by 3
“Studies on Internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT) have been demonstrated to be an effective and efficient method of mental health care delivery under strictly controlled conditions where patients were allowed to take additional medication (Berger et al., 2017; Newby et al., 2013; Bergstrom et al., 2010…”
MethodVernmark, K. (2017) · doi:10.3384/diss.diva-142389 · Cited by 3
“outcome studies so far show preliminary positive results (Høifødt et al., 2013; Ly et al., 2015; Wright et al., 2005) and that it can be non-inferior to face-to-face CBT (Thase et al.”
ResultLan, J., Qin, Z., Niu, H., & Wang, J. (2025) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-025-10678-y · Cited by 3
The Use of Technology to Augment Clinical Care in Depression and Anxiety Disorders: An Evidence Map
Maher, A. R., Apaydin, E. A., Raaen, L. B., Motala, A., Shanman, R., & Hempel, S. (2019) · RAND Corporation eBooks · doi:10.7249/rr2177 · Cited by 2
Kolstrup, N. (2014) · Tidsskrift for Forskning i Sygdom og Samfund · doi:10.7146/tfss.v0i21.20027 · Cited by 2
“Even when we followed up on a group of highly motivated and selected patients, 40% of them did not adhere to the programme (Hoifodt et al., 2013).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationDavies, S. R., Caldwell, D. M., Dawson, S., Sampson, S. J., Welton, N. J., Wiles, N., Kessler, D. S., Miljanović, M., Milunović, V., Peters, T., et al. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013184 · Cited by 2
Mathiasen, K., Andersen, T. E., Lichtenstein, M. B., Riper, H., Kleiboer, A., & Roessler, K. K. (2022) · doi:10.2196/preprints.36577 · Cited by 2
Antidepressants and Psychological Treatment: Hard Reasons for Synergy
Campagne, D. M. (2021) · Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica · doi:10.5944/rppc.28235 · Cited by 1
“Moreover, availability or cost of psychological treatment may be obstacles, although less costly internet-assisted protocols show positive results (Thase et al., 2018, Cuijpers et al., 2019), also in primary care (Høifødt et al., 2013).”
BackgroundDealing with Diversity in Digital Psychological Interventions for Young People: A Structured Review
Jahedi, F., Henman, P. W. F., & Ryan, J. C. (2024) · ACI Open · doi:10.1055/s-0044-1788563 · Cited by 1
Lattie, E. G., Beltzer, M., Varra, A. A., Chen, C., & Lungu, A. (2025) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/68249 · Cited by 3
Awadalla, S., Davies, E. B., & Glazebrook, C. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-05037-x · Cited by 2
“The study reported that MoodGYM was rated positively by more than half of the participants and suggested that low nonadherence rates were a sign of positive evaluation, indicating the intervention ’ s acceptability (Høifødt et al., 2013).”
Drzymała, S., Blask‐Osipa, A., Szczepańska-Álvarez, A., Markowska, H., Dobrzyńska, M., Drzymała-Czyż, S., & Walkowiak, J. (2026) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina62071234 · Cited by 1
Internettbasert behandling av depresjon
Solem, S., & Ulleberg, E. (2017) · Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening · doi:10.4045/tidsskr.16.0842 · Cited by 1
Rintell, L. S., Buchholz, K. R., & Gladstone, T. R. G. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-83469-2_6 · Cited by 1
Wright, J. H., Chan, S. R., & Mishkind, M. C. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-11984-2_9 · Cited by 1
Granados, C., & Vargas-Nieto, J. C. (2015) · Enfoques · doi:10.24267/23898798.211 · Cited by 1
The acceptability of using MoodGYM to treat depression in adolescents: A pilot study
Long, J. R. (2016) · The Mathematics Enthusiast · Cited by 1
Awadalla, S., Davies, E. B., & Glazebrook, C. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-228617/v1 · Cited by 1
“The study reported that MoodGYM was rated positively by more than half of the participants and suggested that low non-adherence rates was a sign of positive evaluation indicating the intervention’s acceptability [41].”
BackgroundWilhelmsen, M. (2015) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives
Psychosocial assessment and self-management of chronic pain
Voerman, J. S. (2015) · RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam)
Chillemi, K. (2015) · Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) · doi:10.25916/sut.26271118
Using Technology to Enhance Behavioral Health
Campise, R. L., Kinn, J. T., & Cooper, D. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-66192-6_26
New technologies applied as alternative approaches in averting depression
Blithe Group, Ngabo-Woods, H., Instituto ITACA, U. P. D. V., Cuesta, S. A., Garcia-Gomez, J. M., & Instituto ITACA, U. P. D. V. (2017) · doi:10.46844/bri.17.00001.1
Postpartum Depression during the Pandemic Crisis in Bangladesh: A Teleconsultation Insight
Joshi, A., & Amin, S. (2022) · Open Journal of Psychology · doi:10.31586/ojp.2022.245
Sundram, F., Hawken, S. J., Stasiak, K., Lucassen, M. F. G., Fleming, T. M., Shepherd, M., Greenwood, A., Osborne, R., & Merry, S. (2020) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.12331274
Sundram, F., Hawken, S. J., Stasiak, K., Lucassen, M. F. G., Fleming, T. M., Shepherd, M., Greenwood, A., Osborne, R., & Merry, S. (2020) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.12331274.v2
Andersson, G., & Berger, T. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394259229.ch20
ผลของโปรแกรมการบำบดทางความคดและพฤตกรรมทใชการสนบสนนทางอนเทอรเนตตอภาวะซมเศราในผเสพตดสรา
โทวันนัง, ร. (2018) · Journal of Nursing Science Chulalongkorn University · doi:10.58837/chula.cuns.30.2.8
Auyeung, L., Tsang, E. Z., & Mak, W. W. S. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100695 · Cited by 1
Velthuizen, S. L. M., Lutz, M. C., van den Bos, E., Miers, A. C., & Westenberg, P. M. (2025) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2025.2583114 · Cited by 1
Shafierizi, S., Basirat, Z., Nasiri-Amiri, F., Kheirkhah, F., Geraili, Z., Pasha, H., & Mahbobeh, F. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26666185
Schotanus, A. Y., Dozeman, E., Ikelaar, S. L. C., van Straten, A., Beekman, A. T. F., van Nassau, F., Bosmans, J. E., & van Schaik, A. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26564589
Muleya, C., Tembo, N. N., Mukuka, S., Sakala, S., Maparuri, T., Pual, H., Muchimba, V., Ncheka, J. M., & Paul, R. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.02.12.26346135
Lattie, E. G., D’Adamo, L., Beltzer, M., Varra, A. A., Chen, C., & Lungu, A. (2026) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076261444044 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Høifødt, R. S., Lillevoll, K. R., Griffiths, K. M., Wilsgaard, T., Eisemann, M., Waterloo, K., & Kolstrup, N.
- Affiliations
- UiT The Arctic University of Norway (NO)
- Australian National University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Høifødt, Ragnhild Sørensen
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Medical Internet Research
- Publisher
- JMIR Publications Inc.
- Published
- 2013-08-05
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- e153
- ISSN
- 1438-8871 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3742404
- OpenAlex
- W2075700213
- Cited by
- 154
- References
- 114
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 24.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Journal of Medical Internet Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Universitetet i Tromsø
- Australian National University
- Norges Forskningsråd
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- depression, internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy, MoodGYM, primary care, mild to moderate depression, medication adherence, treatment satisfaction, anxiety symptoms, life satisfaction, treatment delay, acceptability, cost-effectiveness, quality of life
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Patient Compliance, Primary Health Care, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Internet
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
