Effectiveness of an Activity Tracker- and Internet-Based Adaptive Walking Program for Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: The benefits of physical activity are well documented, but scalable programs to promote activity are needed. Interventions that assign tailored and dynamically adjusting goals could effect significant increases in physical activity but have not yet been implemented at scale. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to examine the effectiveness of an open access, Internet-based walking program that assigns daily step goals tailored to each participant. METHODS: A two-arm, pragmatic randomized controlled trial compared the intervention to no treatment. Participants were recruited from a workplace setting and randomized to a no-treatment control (n=133) or to treatment (n=132). Treatment participants received a free wireless activity tracker and enrolled in the walking program, Walkadoo. Assessments were fully automated: activity tracker recorded primary outcomes (steps) without intervention by the participant or investigators. The two arms were compared on change in steps per day from baseline to follow-up (after 6 weeks of treatment) using a two-tailed independent samples t test. RESULTS: Participants (N=265) were 66.0% (175/265) female with an average age of 39.9 years. Over half of the participants (142/265, 53.6%) were sedentary (<5000 steps/day) and 44.9% (119/265) were low to somewhat active (5000-9999 steps/day). The intervention group significantly increased their steps by 970 steps/day over control (P<.001), with treatment effects observed in sedentary (P=.04) and low-to-somewhat active (P=.004) participants alike. CONCLUSIONS: The program is effective in increasing daily steps. Participants benefited from the program regardless of their initial activity level. A tailored, adaptive approach using wireless activity trackers is realistically implementable and scalable. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02229409, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02229409 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6eiWCvBYe).
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Two of the included studies reported a significant increase in daily steps, four reported a significant increase in MVPA, and two reported a significant increase in energy expenditure for the intervention group compared with control.
“Two of the included studies [34,44] reported a significant increase in daily steps, 4 studies [30,34,36,53] reported a significant increase in MVPA, and 2 studies [45,47] reported a significant increase in energy expenditure for the intervention group compared with control.”
From Consumer-based wearable activity trackers increase physical activity participation: systematic review and meta-analysis (2019) · cites this paper as [44]
The Results (Effect of the Intervention, Table 3; page unavailable) show a significant between-group difference in daily-step change, supporting this paper's citation for the steps finding. The paper's Methods (Analysis) identify steps per day as the primary outcome, and the retrieved results do not report a significant MVPA increase. The energy-expenditure finding is cited to other studies, not this paper. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured13 studies included young adults (≤39.9 years), 15 included middle-aged adults (40-64.9 years), and 1 included adults over 65 years.
“Thirteen studies included young adults (≤39.9 years) [30-34,37,38,42,44,46-48,50], 15 included middle-aged adults (40-64.9 years) [21,22,29,35,36,39-41, 43,45,51-54], and 1 study included adults aged over 65 years [49].”
From Consumer-based wearable activity trackers increase physical activity participation: systematic review and meta-analysis (2019) · cites this paper as [44]
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- Authors
- Poirier, J., Bennett, W. L., Jerome, G. J., Shah, N. G., Lazo, M., Yeh, H.-C., Clark, J. M., & Cobb, N. K.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Georgetown University Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cobb, Nathan K
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Medical Internet Research
- Publisher
- JMIR Publications Inc.
- Published
- 2016-02-09
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- e34
- ISSN
- 1438-8871 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4764789
- OpenAlex
- W2273462684
- Cited by
- 111
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 7
- FWCI
- 12.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Journal of Medical Internet Research (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems
- Keywords
- physical activity promotion, walking, step count, wearable activity trackers, personalized interventions, online intervention, workplace health promotion, sedentary behavior, scalable interventions
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Humans, Male, Walking, Telemedicine, Internet
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