Cited by 279Advanced MRI Techniques and ApplicationsMRI in cancer diagnosisCharacterization and Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles

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Iron oxide-enhanced MR imaging of the liver and spleen: review of the first 5 years

Ferrucci, J T, Stark, D D·1990·American Journal of Roentgenology

DOI 10.2214/ajr.155.5.2120963

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Abstract

Superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) particles are a potent new class of MR contrast agents affording improved detection of hepatic and splenic neoplasms. In this report we review the development of this agent through preclinical studies and early clinical results at Massachusetts General Hospital during a 5-year investigation. SPIO particles are sequestered by normal phagocytic Kupffer cells of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) but are not retained in tumor tissue. Consequently, there is a fivefold increase in T2 relaxation between normal RES tissue and tumor, with a comparable advantage in quantitative signal-to-noise ratio, contrast-to-noise ratio, and lesion detectability in the liver and spleen on MR imaging. Increased lesion conspicuity can be exploited to decrease threshold size for lesion detection to less than 3 mm. Clinically beneficial effects occur with a variety of mildly T2-weighted spin-echo pulse sequences; gradient-echo techniques show even greater benefit after administration of SPIO. Metabolically, pharmaceutical-grade preparations are biodegradable and bioavailable, being rapidly turned over into body iron stores and incorporated into erythrocyte hemoglobin. Early dose-escalation clinical trials have identified a probable clinical dose range of 10-20 mumols Fe/kg body weight. In the United States, SPIO compounds evaluated to date are still approved for use in investigational studies only. Newer commercial formulations currently being evaluated may extend clinical safety margins.

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“It has been shown in both experimental and clinical studies that CNR correlates with tumor detection-rates.(8,28) As there are no focal lesions in the livers of healthy volunteers, the spleen was used as an internal phantom because its signal characteristics is similar to such lesions.”
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Authors: Ferrucci, J. T., & Stark, D. D.
Affiliations: Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
ORCID: Stark, D D
Venue: American Journal of Roentgenology
Publisher: American Roentgen Ray Society
Published: 1990-11
Volume: 155
Issue: 5
Pages: 943-950
ISSN: 0002-9580 (ISSN-L)
0361-803X
1546-3141
DOI: 10.2214/ajr.155.5.2120963
OpenAlex: W2068366961
Cited by: 279
References: 0
Citations by year: 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 18
FWCI: 3.94
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Journal of Roentgenology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › MRI in cancer diagnosis
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Characterization and Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles
Keywords: superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, MRI contrast agents, liver tumors, splenic neoplasms, Kupffer cells, T2 relaxation, tumor detection, reticuloendothelial system, dose escalation, contrast-to-noise ratio, gradient-echo imaging, iron metabolism
MeSH terms: Animals, Humans, Image Enhancement, Iron, Liver Diseases, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Oxides, Splenic Neoplasms, Ferrosoferric Oxide

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Iron oxide-enhanced MR imaging of the liver and spleen: review of the first 5 years

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