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Cited by 12Artificial Intelligence in EducationArtificial Intelligence in Healthcare and EducationDigital Education and Society

Optimising the Interface Between Artificial Intelligence and Human Intelligence in Higher Education

Open access
Bennett, Lorraine·2023·International Journal of Teaching Learning and Education
DOI 10.22161/ijtle.2.3.3
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Abstract

If you thought the recent pandemic was a major disruptor, society is on the cusp of a far more pervasive and ubiquitous shift in human existence. The rapid development and roll-out of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, is looming as a quintessential disruptor of quantum proportions and will eventually permeate most, if not all, corners of our lives. This paper investigates the initial fall-out and potential impact of AI generative technologies on the higher education sector. When ChatGPT and similar software programs were released in late 2022, a knee-jerk reaction from some Government authorities, and institutions was to ban their use in education. Others recommended the development of academic policies and strategies to mitigate the risks to academic integrity and quality assurance. Pragmatic and adventurous educators embraced the opportunities that AI technologies offer to enhance the education sector and expand opportunities for life-long learning. Whilst there is general consensus that that higher education will need to undergo major reform to address the changes that AI will force on the future of learning and higher education institutions. The way forward is less clear. The proposition explored in this paper is that in order to filter, interpret, evaluate and apply AI generated content it might be helpful to consider the challenge through a research lens. The preliminary result is a Framework which focuses on the interface between artificial intelligence and human intelligence in the development and design of future-orientated curriculum, pedagogy, learning activities and assessments in higher education.

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  • GenAI can dynamically adjust content delivery and assessment methods based on continuous data analysis, modifying learning activities in real-time.

    “GenAI can dynamically adjust content delivery and assessment methods based on continuous data analysis, modifying learning activities in real-time [26, 32].”

    From Generative AI in Higher Education: Balancing Innovation and Integrity (2025) · cites this paper as [32]

    The Artificial Intelligence and Human Intelligence Interface Framework discusses how educators might redesign learning activities and assessments, but does not describe GenAI adjusting them through continuous data analysis. Searches for adaptive delivery, real-time modification, and student-performance data found no passage addressing that capability. (LLM, conf=0.76)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Personalised learning approaches lead to improved student engagement, better understanding of material, and enhanced academic performance.

    “The use of personalised learning approaches leads to improved student engagement, better understanding of the material, and enhanced academic performance [26, 30–33].”

    From Generative AI in Higher Education: Balancing Innovation and Integrity (2025) · cites this paper as [32]

    The Artificial Intelligence and Human Intelligence Interface Framework (p. 20) recommends assessments linked to personal contexts, but does not say that personalised learning improves engagement, understanding, or academic performance. Searches for personalised learning, student engagement, and academic performance found no passage making that connection. (LLM, conf=0.76)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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2 of the 15 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 5

  1. Carroll, L. (1865). Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. The Original 1865 Edition With Complete Illustrations By Sir John Tenniel (A Classic Novel of Lewis Carroll) 2021, Paperback.
  2. Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2023). I, Human: AI, Automation, and the Quest to Reclaim What Makes Us Human. Harvard Business Review Press.
  3. Chui, M., Hall. B., Mayhew, H. & Singla, A. (2022b). The state of AI in 2022-and a half decade in Review, McKinsey and Company Dec 6, 2022. Available at: https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/quantumblac k/our-insights/the-state-of-ai-in-2022-and-a-half- decade-in-review
  4. Dondi, M., Klier, J.,F Panier, F. and Schubert, J. (2021). Defining the skills citizens will need in the future world of work. McKinsey and Company. Available at: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Defining-the- skills-citizens-will-need-in-the-world-Dondi- Klier/3fbbf024d28890bffa6cf4a71e84a58f37646a51
  5. Girdhar, N. (2022). The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Education Sector: Possibilities and Challenges. Chapter in Machine Learning, Blockchain, and Cyber Security in Smart Environments Application and Challenges. Taylor and Francis Group. DOI: 10.1201/9781003240310- 2/role-artificial-intelligence-education-sector- possibilities-challenges-riya-aggarwal-nancy-girdhar- alpana · DOI

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Authors
Bennett, L.
Corresponding author
Bennett, Lorraine
Venue
International Journal of Teaching Learning and Education
Publisher
AI Publications
Published
2023
Volume
2
Issue
3
Pages
12-25
ISSN
2583-4371 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.22161/ijtle.2.3.3
OpenAlex
W4383647139
Cited by
11
References
15
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1
FWCI
2.58
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
International Journal of Teaching Learning and Education (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Artificial Intelligence in Education
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Health Informatics › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Digital Education and Society
Keywords
artificial intelligence in higher education, generative AI, ChatGPT, human intelligence, academic integrity, quality assurance, curriculum development, pedagogy, assessment design, lifelong learning, AI governance in education, future of learning

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