Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number and D-Loop Region Methylation in Carriers of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Gene Mutations
Open accessAbstract
AIM: To investigate mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number and D-loop region methylation in carriers of SOD1, TARDBP, FUS and C9orf72 mutations. METHODS: Investigations were performed in blood DNA from 114 individuals, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients, presymptomatic carriers and noncarrier family members. RESULTS: Increased mtDNA copy number (p = 0.0001) was observed in ALS patients, and particularly in those with SOD1 or C9orf72 mutations. SOD1 mutation carriers showed also a significant decrease in D-loop methylation levels (p = 0.003). An inverse correlation between D-loop methylation levels and the mtDNA copy number (p = 0.0005) was observed. CONCLUSION: Demethylation of the D-loop region could represent a compensatory mechanism for mtDNA upregulation in carriers of ALS-linked SOD1 mutations.
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“…evidence implicating low (hydroxy)methylation of mtDNA at the D-loop region in both humans and animal models of neurodegeneration [42,44,52 – 54], further investigation is warranted to elucidate the biological significance and causal relationship between mtDNA methylation and…”
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“Human Peripheral blood Increase in global DNA methylation and demethylation of the mitochondrial D-loop region in SOD1 mutation carriers [56,67]”
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“Stoccoro et al. found that a mtDNA-CN increase was also inversely correlated to D-loop methylation levels, strengthening previous evidence that these mechanisms are strictly connected [51].”
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“Recent research in ALS patients and presymptomatic SOD1 mutation carriers also identified decreased D-loop methylation, which was strongly correlated with a higher mtDNA copy number [92].”
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“Moreover, SOD1 carriers exhibited reduced methylation in the D-loop region, a possible compensatory mechanism for the overall upregulation of mtDNA (Stoccoro et al., 2018).”
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“In patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a significant decrease in D-loop methylation, accompanied by an increase in mtDNA copy number, was observed in blood DNA samples, particularly in carriers of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene mutations (Stoccoro et al., 2018).”
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“Importantly, a significant inverse association between D-loop methylation levels and mtDNAcn has been reported in different human samples, including peripheral blood [15, 16], placenta [29] and colorectal cancer [30, 31], suggesting that methylation levels of the D-loop regions may play a role in the regulation of mtD…”
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“In addition, in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients, an increase in mitochondrial copy number was observed, although this was associated with a decrease in D-loop methylation [39].”
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“He has previously shown that in contrast to genomic DNA, the Dloop region of mtDNA has decreased methylation in ALS cases carrying mutations in SOD1 as well as sporadic ALS patients [62].”
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“An analysis of the blood DNA from 114 individu-als—including ALS patients, asymptomatic genetic carriers, and family members without the gene—revealed a significant increase in mtDNA copy number in the ALS cohort [26].”
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“On the contrary, an upregulated mtDNA copy number was detected in whole blood of ALS patients carrying ALS-causing mutations in SOD1 or C9ORF72 [16] as well as a downregulated mtDNA content in post-mortem spinal cord tissue of ALS patients [17].”
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“69,70 Thus, one potential epigenetic explanation is that PM2.”
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“Other studies have also linked ALS with hypomethylation (Wong et al., 2013; Stoccoro et al., 2018, 2020).”
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“1 3 mtDNA-CN in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients [64], a glioblastoma model [103], and colorectal cancer cell lines [102].”
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“Also, SOD1 mutation carriers showed a significant decrease in D-loop methylation levels, which is expected since the D-loop region is critical for mtDNA replication and transcription (Stoccoro et al. 2018).”
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“Notably, decreased methylation of the D-loop has been associated with increased mtDNA copy number in cell cultures [66], human tumor tissues [44], and human peripheral blood [67].”
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“( Stoccoro et al., 2018; Stoccoro et al., 2017) While mitochondrial genome instability and aberrant epigenetic regulation can induce mitochondrial dysfunction, the latter conversely exacerbates all the process.”
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“In other studies, significant associations have been reported between mtDNAcn and D-loop methylation [51,52].”
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“Recently, researchers observed that D-loop methylation levels inversely correlated with mtDNA copy number positively correlated with disease duration in fALS [52].”
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Additional file 1 of Mitochondrial genome study in blood of maternally inherited ALS cases
Brockmann, S. J., Buck, E., Casoli, T., Meirelles, J. L., Ruf, W. P., Fabbietti, P., Holzmann, K., Weishaupt, J. H., Ludolph, A. C., Conti, F., et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.23803160
Epigenetic biomarkers in personalized medicine
Stoccoro, A., Coppedè, F., & Migliore, L. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-23802-4.00018-1
Self-citationStoccoro, A., Majstorović, D., Sebastiani, V., Barišić, A., Vraneković, J., & Coppedè, F. (2025) · Epigenetics Communications · doi:10.1186/s43682-025-00039-x
“The amount of mtDNA copy number was measured as reported elsewhere [19].”
Self-citationSoriani, M.-H., Blasco, H., Corcia, P., Danel-Brunaud, V., Desmaison, A., Pradat, P., Querin, G., Vourc’h, P., & Guy, N. (2025) · Revue Neurologique · doi:10.1016/j.neurol.2025.07.008
Additional file 3 of Mitochondrial genome study in blood of maternally inherited ALS cases
Brockmann, S. J., Buck, E., Casoli, T., Meirelles, J. L., Ruf, W. P., Fabbietti, P., Karlheinz, H., Weishaupt, J. H., Ludolph, A. C., Conti, F., et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.23803166
Zhang, J., 尚俊奎, Wang, F., Huo, X., Sun, R., Ren, Z., Wang, W., Yang, M., Li, G., Gao, D., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.17870239
Additional file 2 of Mitochondrial genome study in blood of maternally inherited ALS cases
Brockmann, S. J., Buck, E., Casoli, T., Meirelles, J. L., Ruf, W. P., Fabbietti, P., Karlheinz, H., Weishaupt, J. H., Ludolph, A. C., Conti, F., et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.23803163
Genetic contributions to mitochondrial dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis etiology
Russell, N. D., Downie, J. M., Bromberg, M. B., Pulst, S. M., & Jorde, L. B. (2026) · Human Genetics and Genomics Advances · doi:10.1016/j.xhgg.2026.100614
Mitochondrial dysfunction in neurology: biomarkers and clinical implications
Rossini, E., Garibaldi, M., Hanna, M. G., Pitceathly, R. D. S., & Pizzamiglio, C. (2026) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-026-01274-z
- Authors
- Stoccoro, A., Mosca, L., Carnicelli, V., Cavallari, U., Lunetta, C., Marocchi, A., Migliore, L., & Coppedè, F.
- Affiliations
- University of Siena (IT)
- Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda (IT)
- University of Pisa (IT)
- Venue
- Epigenomics
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2018-08-08
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1431-1443
- ISSN
- 1750-1911 (ISSN-L)
- 1750-192X
- OpenAlex
- W2885475563
- Cited by
- 80
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 3.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Epigenomics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- researcher’s intramural funds
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
- Keywords
- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, mitochondrial DNA copy number, SOD1 mutations, C9orf72 mutation, TARDBP mutations, FUS mutations, presymptomatic carriers, compensatory mechanisms, epigenetics
- MeSH terms
- Superoxide Dismutase-1, C9orf72 Protein, Adult, Aged, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, DNA-Binding Proteins, DNA, Mitochondrial, Female, Heterozygote, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Mutation, DNA Methylation, RNA-Binding Protein FUS, DNA Copy Number Variations
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