Racial and Ethnic Minority Patient Participation in N-of-1 Trials: Perspectives of Healthcare Providers and Patients
Open accessAbstract
Aim: Patients from racial and ethnic minority backgrounds in the USA have historically been under-represented in research trials. Understanding their viewpoints regarding participation in N-of-1 trials is imperative as we design and implement these studies. Materials & methods: We conducted six focus groups of racial and ethnic minority patients (n = 25) and providers (n = 9). We used content analysis to identify themes. Results: Our results noted the importance of considering family members in N-of-1 trial recruitment and participation, patients’ desire for education as a design feature, for ‘lifestyle’ changes as a treatment option and for use of nonevidence-based treatments in the design of future N-of-1 trials. Conclusion: Personalized trials have the potential to change the way we deliver primary care and improve disparities for minorities.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Present-day challenges such as language barriers, cultural differences and a lack of cultural competence can make it difficult for researchers to rebuild trust and establish clear communication with potential participants.
“Beyond these historical issues, present-day challenges such as language barriers, cultural differences and a lack of cultural competence can make it difficult for researchers to effectively rebuild trust and establish clear communication with potential participants [14–17].”
From Enablers and barriers of clinical trial participation in adult patients from minority ethnic groups: a systematic review (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The Discovery of Grounded Theory; Strategies for Qualitative Research
Glaser, B. G., Strauss, A. L., & Strutzel, E. (1968) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/00006199-196807000-00014 · Cited by 39,449 · see citing works
The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research
Brodsky, C. (1968) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/s0033-3182(68)71872-7 · Cited by 6,727 · see citing works
Ecological momentary assessment
Shiffman, S., Stone, A. A., & Hufford, M. R. (2008) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091415 · Cited by 6,454 · see citing works
Capps, L. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.290.18.2487-b · Cited by 4,558 · see citing works
Participation in Cancer Clinical Trials: Race-, Sex-, and Age-Based Disparities
Murthy, V. H., Krumholz, H. M., & Gross, C. P. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.291.22.2720 · Cited by 2,078 · see citing works
George, S., Duran, N., & Norris, K. (2014) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2013.301706 · Cited by 1,603 · see citing works
Race, socioeconomic status, and health. The added effects of racism and discrimination
WILLIAMS, D. R. (1999) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08114.x · Cited by 1,522 · see citing works
(2007) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.44-5683 · Cited by 1,297 · see citing works
Under the shadow of Tuskegee: African Americans and health care.
Gamble, V. N. (1997) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.87.11.1773 · Cited by 1,263 · see citing works
Effective recruitment and retention of minority research participants.
Yancey, A., Ortega, A., & Kumanyika, S. (2006) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.27.021405.102113 · Cited by 1,247 · see citing works
Corbie-Smith, G. M., Thomas, S. B., & George, D. M. M. S. (2002) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.162.21.2458 · Cited by 1,067 · see citing works
Race and trust in the health care system
Boulware, L. E., Cooper, L. A., Ratner, L. E., LaVeist, T. A., & Powe, N. R. (2003) · Public Health Reports · doi:10.1093/phr/118.4.358 · Cited by 892 · see citing works
Race and trust in the health care system
Boulware, L. E., Cooper, L. A., Ratner, L. E., LaVeist, T. A., & Powe, N. R. (2003) · Public Health Reports · doi:10.1016/s0033-3549(04)50262-5 · Cited by 842 · see citing works
Unequal Treatment—Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare
Osundeko, O. (2004) · PubMed Central · Cited by 797 · see citing works
Representation of the Elderly, Women, and Minorities in Heart Failure Clinical Trials
Heiat, A., Gross, C. P., & Krumholz, H. M. (2002) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.162.15.1682 · Cited by 723 · see citing works
Minority Physicians’ Role in the Care of Underserved Patients
Marrast, L. M., Zallman, L., Woolhandler, S. J., Bor, D. H., & McCormick, D. (2013) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.12756 · Cited by 594 · see citing works
Self-citationDetermining Optimal Therapy — Randomized Trials in Individual Patients
Guyatt, G., Sackett, D. L., Taylor, D. W., Ghong, J., Roberts, R. E., & Pugsley, S. O. (1986) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198604033141406 · Cited by 581 · see citing works
Chen, M. S., Lara, P. N., Dang, J. H. T., Paterniti, D. A., & Kelly, K. L. (2014) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.28575 · Cited by 477 · see citing works
Empty ethics: the problem with informed consent
Corrigan, O. (2003) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1046/j.1467-9566.2003.00369.x · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Colby, S. L., & Ortman, J. M. (2015) · Cited by 435 · see citing works
Sohn, H. (2016) · Population Research and Policy Review · doi:10.1007/s11113-016-9416-y · Cited by 333 · see citing works
A clinician's guide for conducting randomized trials in individual patients.
Guyatt, G. H., Sackett, D. L., Adachi, J. D., Roberts, R. E., Chong, J. P., Rosenbloom, D., & Keller, J. (1988) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 275 · see citing works
The Office of Minority Health <http://www.minorityhealth.hhs.gov>
Sawyer, T. (2013) · Journal of Consumer Health on the Internet · doi:10.1080/15398285.2013.756350 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Inclusion of minorities and women in cancer clinical trials, a decade later: have we improved?
Kwiatkowski, K., Coe, K., Bailar, J. C., & Swanson, G. M. (2013) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.28168 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Gijsberts, C. M., Groenewegen, K. A., Hoefer, I. E., Eijkemans, M. J. C., Asselbergs, F. W., Anderson, T. J., Britton, A. R., Dekker, J. M., Engström, G., Evans, G. W., et al. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0132321 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Analysis of Racial/Ethnic Representation in Select Basic and Applied Cancer Research Studies
Guerrero, S. X., López‐Cortés, A., Indacochea, A., García-Cárdenas, J. M., Zambrano, A. K., Cabrera‐Andrade, A., Guevara‐Ramírez, P., González, D. A., Leone, P., & Paz‐y‐Miño, C. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-32264-x · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Should research samples reflect the diversity of the population?
Allmark, P. (2004) · Journal of Medical Ethics · doi:10.1136/jme.2003.004374 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Lara, P. N., Paterniti, D. A., Chiechi, C., Turrell, C., Morain, C., Horan, N. M., Montell, L., Gonzalez, J., Davis, S. W., Umutyan, A., et al. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2005.02.6245 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Diagnosis of Chronic Medical Conditions in the USA
Kim, E. J., Kim, T., Conigliaro, J. C., Liebschutz, J. M., Paasche‐Orlow, M. K., & Hanchate, A. D. (2018) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-018-4471-1 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Self-citationWhat Ever Happened to N‐of‐1 Trials? Insiders' Perspectives and a Look to the Future
Kravitz, R. L., Duan, N., Niedzinski, E. J., Hay, M. C., Subramanian, S. K., & Weisner, T. S. (2008) · Milbank Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0009.2008.00533.x · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Minority recruitment into clinical trials: Experimental findings and practical implications
Brown, S. D., Lee, K., Jake‐Schoffman, D. E., King, A. C., Crawley, L. M., & Kiernan, M. (2012) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2012.03.003 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Burg, M. M., Schwartz, J. E., Kronish, I. M., Diaz, K. M., Alcántara, C., Duer-Hefele, J., & Davidson, K. W. (2017) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-017-9902-4 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationPersonalizing behavioral interventions through single-patient (N-of-1) trials
Davidson, K. W., Peacock, J., Kronish, I. M., & Edmondson, D. (2014) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12121 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationMinority Recruitment and Participation in Health Research
Corbie-Smith, G. M. (2004) · North Carolina Medical Journal · doi:10.18043/ncm.65.6.385 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Cherniack, E. P., Ceron-Fuentes, J., Florez, H. J., Sandals, L., Rodríguez, O., & Palacios, J. C. (2008) · Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2007.11.002 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Katz, P., & Lee, F. (2007) · JCR Journal of Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1097/01.rhu.0000255579.59597.d2 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
N-of-1 Randomized Trials to Assess the Efficacy of Gabapentin for Chronic Neuropathic Pain
Yelland, M. J., Poulos, C. J., Pillans, P. I., Bashford, G. M., Nikles, J., Sturtevant, J. M., Vine, N., Mar, C. D., Schlüter, P. J., Tan, M. H., et al. (2009) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2009.00615.x · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Eliminating disparities among Latinos with type 2 diabetes: Effective eHealth strategies
López, L., Tan‐McGrory, A., Horner, G., & Betancourt, J. R. (2015) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2015.12.003 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Practice-Based Research in Complementary Medicine: Could N-of-1 Trials Become the New Gold Standard?
Bradbury, J., Avila, C., & Grace, S. (2020) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare8010015 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Re-Thinking the Role of the Family in Medical Decision-Making
Cherry, M. J. (2015) · The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine · doi:10.1093/jmp/jhv011 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Personalized (N-of-1) Trials for Depression
Kronish, I. M., Hampsey, M., Falzon, L., Konrad, B., & Davidson, K. W. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000000864 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationGavaler, J. S., Bonharn‐Leyba, M., Castro, C. A., & Harman, S. E. (1999) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1999.tb04103.x · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Increasing the Precision of Hypertension Treatment Through Personalized Trials: a Pilot Study
Kronish, I. M., Cheung, Y. K., Shimbo, D., Julian, J., Gallagher, B. D., Parsons, F., & Davidson, K. W. (2019) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-019-04831-z · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationRacial disparities in kidney transplant waitlist appearance in Chicago: Is it race or place?
Peng, R. B., Lee, H., Ke, Z. T., & Saunders, M. R. (2018) · Clinical Transplantation · doi:10.1111/ctr.13195 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Brookes, S. T., Biddle, L., Paterson, C., Woolhead, G., & Dieppe, P. A. (2007) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-8-10 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Kronish, I. M., Alcántara, C., Duer-Hefele, J., Onge, T. S., Davidson, K. W., Carter, E. J., Medina, V., Cohn, E. G., & Moise, N. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.06.008 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationDoctors’ understanding of individualisation of drug treatments: a qualitative interview study
Denford, S., Frost, J., Dieppe, P. A., & Britten, N. (2013) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002706 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Healthcare Utilization among Medicare Fee-For-Service Enrollees
Kim, E., Parker, V. A., Liebschutz, J. M., Conigliaro, J. C., DeGeorge, J., & Hanchate, A. D. (2019) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-019-05426-4 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationBlock, L., LaVine, N., Martinez, J., Strawser, J. D., Lu, C., Cacace, F., Fornari, A. B., Conigliaro, J. C., & Coletti, D. J. (2020) · Journal of Interprofessional Care · doi:10.1080/13561820.2020.1751595 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationColetti, D. J., Yalakkishettar, P., Alexandri, M., Block, L., Martinez, J., Fornari, A. B., & Conigliaro, J. C. (2019) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/jep.13283 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Alarcón Garavito, G. A., Gilchrist, K., Ciurtin, C., Khanna, S., Chambers, P., McNally, N., Merivale, E., Carr, E., Yu, R., & Vindrola-Padros, C. (2025) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-025-08769-y · Cited by 42 · see citing works
N-of-1 trials: The epitome of personalized medicine?
Samuel, J. P., Wootton, S. H., & Tyson, J. E. (2023) · Journal of Clinical and Translational Science · doi:10.1017/cts.2023.583 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Jenkins, S. M., Palmquist, R. N., Shayota, B. J., Solorzano, C. M., Bonkowsky, J. L., Estabrooks, P. A., & Tristani‐Firouzi, M. (2025) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-025-03859-8 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Gogoi, M., Baggaley, R. F., Silva, L., Lal, Z. Z., Reilly, H., Modhwadia, V., Pan, D., Bird, P. W., Nellums, L. B., & Pareek, M. (2025) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.70337 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Vindrola‐Padros, C., Gilchrist, K., Braverman, S., Omar, R., Merivale, E., Hussenbux, A., Khanna, S., Renias-Zuva, P., McNally, N., & Yu, R. (2025) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2025.101475 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Welcome to the 19th Volume of Personalized Medicine
Gilroy, R. (2021) · Personalized Medicine · doi:10.2217/pme-2021-0138
- Authors
- Marrast, L., Conigliaro, J., Chan, C., Kim, E. J., Duer-Hefele, J., Diefenbach, M. A., & Davidson, K. W.
- Affiliations
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Personalized Medicine
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2021-05-28
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 347-359
- ISSN
- 1741-0541 (ISSN-L)
- 1744-828X
- PMC
- PMC8242982
- OpenAlex
- W3165564203
- Cited by
- 6
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2023: 1 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 0.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Personalized Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health (R01LM012836-03S1)
- Behavioral and Sleep Medicine (BSM) PRIDE (R25HL105444)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Ethics in Clinical Research
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Cultural Competency in Health Care
- Keywords
- N-of-1 trials, racial and ethnic minority patients, underrepresentation in clinical trials, patient perspectives, healthcare provider perspectives, trial recruitment, health disparities, patient education, lifestyle intervention, primary care
- MeSH terms
- Ethnic and Racial Minorities, Ethnicity, Health Personnel, Humans, Minority Groups, Patient Participation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
