Unlocking the Secrets of Clickbait Creation: A Relevance-Theoretic Analysis of the Chatbot-Produced Clickbait Headlines

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Example (2) contains a numbered list and the deictic pronoun you.

“It also contains a numbered list and the deictic pronoun you.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Gemini provided three categories of clickbait headlines for the hypothetical article about linguistic sub-disciplines.

“Gemini provided three categories of clickbait headlines for the hypothetical article about linguistic sub-disciplines.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Gemini does not seem to misinterpret the number of sub-disciplines.

“Gemini does not seem to misinterpret the number of sub-disciplines.”

May combine two claims.

Both chatbots frequently utilize affective verbs or adjectives, as well as suspenseful language.

“both frequently utilize affective verbs (to shock (2)) or adjectives (fascinating (4), amazing (8)), as well as suspenseful language (to unlock (1), hidden (7 & 9), mysteries (10)).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Gemini produced 17 clickbait headlines, with 8 pertaining to the first topic and 9 to the second.

“In contrast, Gemini produced 17 clickbait headlines, with 8 pertaining to the first topic and 9 to the second.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Gemini cautioned about the deceiving nature of clickbait headlines in the response to the second question.

“Gemini also cautioned about the deceiving nature of clickbait headlines in the response to the second question.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Example (4) displays forward referencing using an imperative construction.

“Example (4) displays forward referencing using an imperative construction.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Example (8) still exhibits clickbait features, including the hyperbolic adjective amazing and the exaggeration that these sub-disciplines can shape the entire world.

“Nonetheless, this headline still exhibits clickbait features, including the use of the hyperbolic, or rather booster, adjective amazing or the exaggeration that these sub-disciplines are so powerful that they can shape the entire world.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The majority of TalkAI's examples for the linguistic sub-disciplines topic utilize statements rather than interrogatives, imperatives, or numbered lists.

“The majority of TalkAI's examples for this topic utilize statements rather than interrogatives, imperatives, or numbered lists, as can be noticed in the following three examples:”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Example (2) is a prime example of affective language use because it describes the article's content as shocking.

“This headline, which describes the article's content as shocking, is a prime example of affective language use.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

TalkAI generated a total of 16 clickbait headlines, 8 for each topic, without dividing them into categories.

“TalkAI generated a total of 16 clickbait headlines, 8 for each topic, without dividing them into categories.”

May combine two claims.

TalkAI generated eight distinct clickbait headlines for the linguistic sub-disciplines topic, each utilizing certain clickbait strategies.

“TalkAI generated eight distinct clickbait headlines, each utilizing certain clickbait strategies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Examples (3) and (4) use interrogative forms as a clickbait strategy.

“Examples ( 3) and ( 4) use interrogative forms as a clickbait strategy.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

TalkAI suggested that its headlines could be combined or modified to better fit the hypothetical article.

“This chatbot also suggested that these headlines could be combined or modified to better fit the hypothetical article.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Gemini's humorous headlines included just two examples.

“Gemini's Humorous headlines included just two examples.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Example (1) uses forward referencing with the personal pronoun you.

“Forward referencing with the personal pronoun you can also be noticed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For Gemini's first question, the categories were Sensational (3 headlines), Intriguing (3 headlines), and Humorous headlines (2 headlines).

“The first question resulted in Sensational (3 headlines), Intriguing (3 headlines), and Humorous headlines (2 headlines).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In example (1), the chatbot used suspenseful language by mentioning secrets and the sub-disciplines the reader is not familiar with.

“In example (1), the chatbot, promising a 7-point list, used suspenseful language by mentioning secrets and the sub-disciplines the reader is not familiar with.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Gemini divided its headlines into three categories.

“In this case, though, the headlines were always divided into three categories.”

May combine two claims.

Gemini does not utilize interrogative forms but makes use of terms associated with being unusual such as geeks or nerdy.

“Gemini does not utilize interrogative forms but makes use of the terms associated with being unusual such as geeks (15) or nerdy (16).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Gemini frequently utilizes powerful statements and their further explanation.

“This chatbot frequently utilizes powerful statements and their further explanation, as can be seen in examples ( 25) through ( 27).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Gemini resorts to the terms of unusual, such as 'geek' in example (30).

“Once again, Gemini resorts to the terms of unusual (geek (30)).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

TalkAI again makes use of hypothetical questions, unlike Gemini.

“TalkAI again makes use of hypothetical questions, unlike Gemini.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Example (22) makes use of suspense by relying on negation and suggesting the existence of hidden advantages.

“it makes use of suspense by relying on negation and suggesting the existence of hidden advantages.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Many of the headlines have the form of a catchphrase statement followed by its explanation.

“many of the headlines have the form of a catchphrase statement followed by its explanation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Example (17) widens the curiosity with the suspenseful verb 'to unlock' and extreme terms such as shocking and revolutionizing.

“it widens the curiosity with the suspenseful verb to unlock and extreme terms (e.g., shocking, revolutionizing).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The application of AI in academic research is the second topic of clickbait headlines.

“The application of AI in academic research is the second topic of clickbait headlines.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The majority of the clickbait strategies previously discussed in literature on clickbait and introduced in section 2.1 were employed in the examined headlines.

“the majority of the clickbait strategies previously discussed in literature on clickbait and introduced in section 2.1 were employed in the examined headlines.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The final example widens the article's scope by mentioning global challenges.

“The final example widens the article's scope by mentioning global challenges.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Example (19) relies on a catchphrase statement followed by its explanation.

“The situation is less drastic with example (19), which relies on a catchphrase statement followed by its explanation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Direct and Informative headlines use the catchphrase structure followed by further explanations, mostly relying on affective language.

“The Direct and Informative headlines use the catchphrase structure followed by further explanations, mostly relying on affective language.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

For the topic on AI in academic research, Gemini offered 9 headlines, divided into three sections.

“For the topic on AI in academic research, Gemini offered 9 headlines, divided into three sections.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

All of the examples in the Intriguing and Mysterious section rely on suspenseful and affective language bursting with extremes, which aims to pique the audience's curiosity and make them comprehend these headlines as optimally relevant.

“All of these examples rely on suspenseful and affective language bursting with extremes, which aims to pique the audience's curiosity and make them comprehend these headlines as optimally relevant.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Only example (17) employs a numbered list as a clickbait strategy.

“only example (17) employs a numbered list as a clickbait strategy.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The two final headlines produced by TalkAI contain an interrogative.

“The two final headlines produced by TalkAI contain an interrogative.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

TalkAI offered eight headlines on the AI topic without any division.

“TalkAI, once again, offered eight headlines without any division.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The imperative is noticeable in a single example (22) generated by TalkAI.

“The imperative is also noticeable, but in a single example (22) generated by TalkAI.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Example (28) contains the extreme word 'breakthroughs' along with a term that is different or unusual, in this case, 'ridiculous'.

“Example ( 28) contains the extreme word breakthroughs along with a term that is different or unusual, in this case, ridiculous.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Reverse narratives are an effective strategy for attracting the reader's attention, which first states the outcome and then the event itself.

“First of all, reverse narratives are an effective strategy for attracting the reader's attention, which first states the outcome and then the event itself.”

• cites Scott 2022, 134-43 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Example (14)'s promise to explain everything about languages and to give a comprehensive description of each sub-discipline may seem attractive and relevant to those not well acquainted with linguistic research.

“the promise to explain everything there is to know about languages and to give a comprehensive description of each sub-discipline may seem attractive and, consequently, relevant to those not very well acquainted with linguistic research.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

If example (7) is approached with optimal effort, it would likely result in a similar implicature to example (6) because it mentions suspenseful hidden sub-disciplines.

“If approached with optimal effort, example (7) would likely result in a similar implicature since it mentions the suspenseful hidden subdisciplines.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The readers of the examined headlines process them with optimal effort.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Definite demonstratives like this or that are a frequently utilized clickbait strategy.

“Another frequently utilized clickbait strategy is the inclusion of definite demonstratives like this or that (Scott 2022, 140).”

• cites Scott 2022, 140 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The wording of example (12) may have the implicature that the potential article could explore sub-disciplines beyond the level of words.

“the wording may have the implicature that the potential article could explore sub-disciplines beyond the level of words.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The reader has to invest more effort than the optimal level to grasp the humorous intention.

“Yus (2003Yus ( , 1300) ) claims that the reader has to invest more effort than the optimal level to grasp the humorous intention.”

• cites Yus (2003, 1300) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The phrase 'deep dive' in example (13) indicates exaggeration as a clickbait feature.

“The phrase deep dive, in example (13), indicates exaggeration as a clickbait feature.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The audience would find both headlines (15) and (16) relevant enough, particularly given the promise of fun while learning new information.

“The audience would find both headlines relevant enough, particularly given the promise of fun while learning new information.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In example (9), the exaggerated exclamation Mind Blown and the deictic use of the personal pronoun you make the headline sufficiently relevant for the reader and widen their curiosity gap.

“In example ( 9), in addition to the exaggerated exclamation Mind Blown, the deictic use of the personal pronoun you makes it sufficiently relevant for the reader and widens their curiosity gap.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The readers of the examined headlines process them with optimal effort.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Relevance of input is greater when a greater cognitive effect is achieved with a smaller mental effort invested.

“Accordingly, the relevance of input is greater when a greater cognitive effect is achieved with a smaller mental effort invested (Wilson and Sperber 2012, 6).”

• cites Wilson and Sperber 2012, 6 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The adjective ultimate is often used to convey exaggeration or emphasis and has a strength equivalent to the superlative degree of adjectives.

“This adjective, as noted by Scott (2022, 136), is often used to convey exaggeration or emphasis and has a strength equivalent to the superlative degree of adjectives.”

• cites Scott (2022, 136) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Example (6) creates a false impression, or implicature, that readers would learn something new by suggesting that there are many linguistic sub-disciplines.

“Furthermore, the suggestion that there are many linguistic sub-disciplines creates a false impression, or rather, an implicature, that the readers would learn something new.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The readers of the examined headlines process them with optimal effort.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Example (6) is at least optimally relevant for readers because the use of negation builds suspense and widens their curiosity gap.

“For instance, example (6) is at least optimally relevant for readers since the use of negation builds suspense to grab their attention and widens their curiosity gap.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The readers of the examined headlines process them with optimal effort.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Example (12) employs suspenseful language as a clickbait strategy, presenting the headline as at least optimally relevant for the readers.

“Example (12) employs suspenseful language as a clickbait strategy, presenting the headline as at least optimally relevant for the readers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Forward referencing includes demonstrative and personal pronouns, adverbs, definite articles, ellipsis, imperatives, interrogatives, and general nouns with implicit discourse deictic reference.

“By relying on Blom and Hansen's (2015) study, Scott (2022, 138) argues that forward referencing with demonstrative and personal pronouns, adverbs, definite articles, ellipsis, imperatives, interrogatives, and general nouns with implicit discourse deictic reference are all examples of forward referencing.”

• cites Blom and Hansen's (2015) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Scott 2022, 138 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The assessed headlines are acceptable in that they may apply to newspaper articles with little to no adjustment.

“The headlines are acceptable in the sense that they may apply to newspaper articles with little to no adjustment.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Every act of ostensive communication communicates a presumption of its own optimal relevance.

“The Second/Communicative Principle: Every act of ostensive communication communicates a presumption of its own optimal relevance.”

• cites Sperber and Wilson 1995, 260Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The potential implicature of example (10) is that readers would have the ability to access relatively obscure knowledge.

“In particular, the readers would have the ability to access the knowledge that is relatively obscure.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The readers of the examined headlines process them with optimal effort.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Example (10) has a similar suspenseful tone, where the promise of uncovering certain mysteries creates the impression that the article is relevant enough for readers, subsequently piquing their curiosity.

“A similar suspenseful tone is present in example (10), where the promise of uncovering certain mysteries creates the impression that the article is relevant enough for the readers, subsequently piquing their curiosity.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The readers of the examined headlines process them with optimal effort.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The overemphasis of personal pronouns as a clickbait technique creates an impression that the headline is intended exclusively for the reader.

“Finally, the overemphasis of personal pronouns as another clickbait technique creates an impression that the headline is intended exclusively for the reader (Scott 2022, 142-43).”

• cites Scott 2022, 142-43 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Were there a real article on the subject of example (1), the headline might not satisfy the audience's curiosity gap, even leaving them frustrated.

“Consequently, were there a real article on this subject, this headline might not satisfy the audience's curiosity gap, even leaving them frustrated.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Readers of example (1) possess certain linguistic knowledge and are aware that there are not as many as seven basic sub-disciplines in linguistics.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The readers of the examined headlines process them with optimal effort.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The assessed headlines require careful refinement because chatbots appear to pay more attention to clickbait strategies rather than to the addressed topic.

“Nevertheless, these headlines require careful refinement, as chatbots appear to “pay more attention” to clickbait strategies rather than to the addressed topic.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In example (2), the curiosity gap would most likely be caused by the affective language when the headline is approached with optimal effort.

“In this case, the curiosity gap would most likely be caused by the affective language when the headline is approached with optimal effort.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The readers of the examined headlines process them with optimal effort.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The implicature of example (1) is that the article would either ignore the core sub-disciplines or cover some more unconventional sub-fields in addition to the core sub-disciplines.

“Therefore, the implicature is that the article with this headline would either ignore the core sub-disciplines or cover some more unconventional sub-fields (e.g., inter-and transdisciplinary approaches) in addition to the core sub-disciplines.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Readers of example (1) possess certain linguistic knowledge and are aware that there are not as many as seven basic sub-disciplines in linguistics.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The readers of the examined headlines process them with optimal effort.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The potential implicature of example (2) might be influenced by existing background knowledge, making it comparable to example (1).

“Nevertheless, the potential implicature might be influenced by the existing background knowledge, which would make it comparable to example (1), which has a similar effect.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Readers of example (1) possess certain linguistic knowledge and are aware that there are not as many as seven basic sub-disciplines in linguistics.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The readers of the examined headlines process them with optimal effort.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Since example (5) is interpreted as relevant and approached with optimal effort, the potential implicature is that the hypothetical article offers information that readers with some linguistic knowledge are unaware of.

“Since the headline is interpreted as relevant and approached with optimal effort, the potential implicature is that the hypothetical article offers information that the readers, with some linguistic knowledge, are unaware of.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The readers of the examined headlines process them with optimal effort.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Example (7) creates a substantial curiosity gap that readers expect to be satisfied by the article's content.

“In this sense, the headline creates a substantial curiosity gap that the readers expect to be satisfied by the article's content.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The readers of the examined headlines process them with optimal effort.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

It is likely that the article corresponding to example (7) will alter readers' perspective on language and linguistics.

“Moreover, it is likely that the article will alter the readers' perspective on language and linguistics.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The readers of the examined headlines process them with optimal effort.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Clickbait headlines create an information gap that captures the audience's curiosity.

“In addition to creating an information gap that captures the audience's curiosity, clickbait headlines utilize various techniques to accomplish their goals, some of which are mentioned by Scott (2022, 134-43).”

• cites Scott 2022, 134-43 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The implicature of example (11) is that the hypothetical article would serve as the most comprehensive overview of linguistic sub-disciplines.

“Therefore, it has the implicature that the hypothetical article would serve as the most comprehensive overview of linguistic sub-disciplines.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The readers of the examined headlines process them with optimal effort.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The curiosity gap increases with definite demonstratives, which carry the assumption that the audience is already familiar with the topic of the article.

“The curiosity gap increases with these demonstratives, which carry the assumption that the audience is already familiar with the topic of the article.”

• cites Scott 2022, 140 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Forward referencing could make the headline in example (1) optimally relevant for the reader, whose curiosity gap widens with enough effort invested.

“Thus, forward referencing could make the headline as optimally relevant for the reader, whose curiosity gap widens with enough effort invested.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The readers of the examined headlines process them with optimal effort.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Clickbait headlines are generated via forward referencing.

“Clickbait headlines are also generated via forward referencing.”

• cites Scott 2022, 134-43 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Given the use of the adjective ultimate in example (11), if readers are invested enough, they would likely find the article with the previously discussed headlines more relevant.

“Given the use of the adjective ultimate in example (11), if the readers are invested enough, in accordance with the relevance principles, they would likely find the article with the previously discussed headlines more relevant.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The readers of the examined headlines process them with optimal effort.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The strategies in example (8) give an impression that the headline is relevant for readers, which piques their interest in the article's content when the needed effort is invested.

“These strategies give an impression that the headline is relevant for the readers, which piques their interest in the article's content when the needed effort is invested.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The readers of the examined headlines process them with optimal effort.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In example (5), the comparative form of the adjective important enhances the clickbait effect and consequently the curiosity gap.

“The comparative form of the adjective important further enhances the clickbait effect and, consequently, the curiosity gap.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The readers of the examined headlines process them with optimal effort.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Readers of examples (3) and (4) believe that the headline, and by extension the article, are sufficiently relevant.

“As a result, the readers believe that the headline, and, by extension, the article, are sufficiently relevant.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The readers of the examined headlines process them with optimal effort.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The examined headlines appear to provide groundbreaking knowledge and benefits.

“In this respect, they appear to provide groundbreaking knowledge and benefits.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The readers of the examined headlines process them with optimal effort.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Extremes and superlatives are frequently used in clickbait headlines.

“Extremes and superlatives are also frequently used.”

• cites Scott 2022, 134-43 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Scott (2021) determined that each clickbait headline was meticulously designed to create an information gap that readers felt compelled to fulfill in searching for relevance.

“Scott (2021) analyzed clickbait features using relevance theory and determined that each clickbait headline was meticulously designed to create an information gap that the readers felt compelled to fulfill in searching for relevance.”

• cites Scott 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Human cognition tends to be geared to the maximization of relevance.

“The First/Cognitive Principle: Human cognition tends to be geared to the maximization of relevance.”

• cites Sperber and Wilson 1995, 260Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Example (8) appears to be the most realistic of TalkAI's headlines because it implies that the article would cover fundamental linguistic sub-disciplines rather than lesser-known ones.

“The final example generated by TalkAI appears to be the most realistic since it implies that the article would cover the fundamental linguistic sub-disciplines rather than some lesser-known ones.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The implication of example (9) when optimal effort is invested indicates the presence of new knowledge that readers might not be aware of.

“The implication that arises when optimal effort is invested indicates the presence of new knowledge that the readers might not be aware of.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The readers of the examined headlines process them with optimal effort.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For example (29), the audience has to invest more than optimal effort to understand the author's intention.

“From the relevance-theoretic perspective, the audience has to invest more than optimal effort to understand the author's intention.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Example (18) creates the implicature of the secrets behind the breakthrough discoveries.

“Example (18) creates a similar implicature, that of the secrets behind the breakthrough discoveries.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Example (21) exhibits exaggeration since its wording suggests the utmost relevance for every academic.

“Example (21) also exhibits this type of exaggeration since its wording suggests the utmost relevance for every academic.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The optimally relevant implicature of example (17) would suggest that AI can offer an incredible advancement in academic research.

“Hence, the optimally relevant implicature would suggest that AI can offer an incredible advancement in academic research.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Exaggerated action verbs like 'transforming' or 'accelerating' enhance the headline's implicature and its attraction power.

“Exaggerated action verbs like transforming or accelerating enhance the headline's implicature and its attraction power.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Assuming that optimal effort is invested, the implicature of examples (23) and (24) would be that the audience would be aware of all the incredible ways in which AI can improve academic research.

“Assuming that optimal effort is invested, the implicature would be that the audience would be aware of all the incredible ways in which AI can improve academic research.”

May combine two claims.

Despite being a small-scale qualitative study, the research provides some information about the behavior of chatbots when producing clickbait headlines, along with the possible effectiveness of those headlines.

“despite this being a small-scale qualitative study, it does provide some information about the behavior of chatbots when producing clickbait headlines, along with the possible effectiveness of those headlines.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The headlines produced by TalkAI and Gemini in this study are representative of chatbot-produced clickbait headlines more generally.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Example (29) is more ambiguous since it leaves the reader uncertain about the article's topic.

“Example ( 29) is more ambiguous since it leaves the reader uncertain about the article's topic.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The reader who has invested optimal effort would anticipate that the hypothetical article behind example (22) will outline why AI can revolutionize academic research.

“the reader who has invested optimal effort would anticipate that the hypothetical article will outline why AI can revolutionize academic research.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Even if example (28) is interpreted as relevant and approached with optimal effort, it does not imply that the article would introduce the readers to the importance of using AI.

“Even if this example is interpreted as relevant and approached with optimal effort, it does not imply that the article would introduce the readers to the importance of using AI.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Example (27) appears to be the most extreme of the three, widening the audience's curiosity by the promise of a long-existing secret in science that could not be uncovered before the rise of AI.

“example (27) appears to be the most extreme of the three, as it widens the audience's curiosity by the promise of a long-existing secret in science that could not be uncovered before the rise of AI.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

By using imperatives in example (22), TalkAI presents the headline as optimally relevant for the readers to become more curious and click the link.

“By using imperatives in example ( 22), TalkAI presents the headline as optimally relevant for the readers to become more curious and click the link.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Given that headline (21) is aimed at all academics, they would most likely invest optimal effort and arrive at the implicature that using AI in academic research leads to important benefits.

“Given that the headline is aimed at all academics, they would most likely invest optimal effort and arrive at the implicature that using AI in academic research leads to important benefits.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The principles of relevance function similarly to the previous topic since the utilized strategies lead to a conclusion that the headlines are at least relevant enough.

“The principles of relevance function similarly to the previous topic since the utilized strategies lead to a conclusion that the headlines are at least relevant enough.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

No changes or fine-tunings were made to the prompts given to the chatbots.

“no changes or, rather, fine-tunings were made to the prompts given to the chatbots.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Both examples (23) and (24) achieve optimal relevance with the aid of the reader-directed questions and the deictic personal pronoun.

“Both examples achieve optimal relevance with the aid of the reader-directed questions and the deictic personal pronoun.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Example (20) has the implicature that readers would gain new knowledge about the implementation of AI into academic research, no longer limited within existing research boundaries.

“Example (20) has the implicature that the readers would gain new knowledge about the implementation of AI into academic research, which is no longer limited within the existing research boundaries.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The AI topic, typically offering scientific breakthroughs, seems to require additional exaggerations.

“However, this topic, typically offering scientific breakthroughs, seems to require additional exaggerations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

When approached with optimal effort, headline (19) does not promise a scientific breakthrough but rather the benefits that will lead readers from the overflow of information to the suitable use of AI in research.

“when approached with optimal effort, this headline does not promise a scientific breakthrough but rather the benefits that will lead the readers from the overflow of information to the suitable use of AI in research.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

This research may be helpful for those interested in further researching the production and better detection of clickbait by AI.

“this research may be helpful for those interested in further researching the production and better detection of clickbait by AI.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Any of the Direct and Informative headlines would direct the audience to the article that would uncover the endless possibilities AI can bring to scientific research.

“any of these headlines would direct the audience to the article, in this case, a hypothetical one, that would uncover the endless possibilities AI can bring to scientific research.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

While creating example (30), the chatbot appears to have been influenced by the previous request regarding linguistic sub-disciplines since both requests were made within the same chat.

“While creating example (30), the chatbot appears to have been influenced by the previous request regarding linguistic sub-disciplines since both requests were made within the same chat, without removing any data.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The implicatures derived from examples (25)-(27) suggest that the article would describe how using AI can lead to a revolutionary scientific breakthrough.

“The implicatures derived from these examples would not be very different since they suggest that the article would describe how using AI can lead to a revolutionary scientific breakthrough.”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

The analyzed examples appear to be acceptable since they can serve the dual purpose of introducing an article and persuading the reader to click on the link.

“Naslovi su prihvatljivi jer se mogu primeniti na novinske članke uz malo prepravki ili bez ikakvih promena.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

It is easy to implicate that the article behind example (30) would fill the information gap by offering advice on the benefits AI provides, especially in linguistic/grammar research.

“it is easy to implicate that the article would fill the information gap by offering advice on the benefits AI provides, especially in linguistic/grammar research.”