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Medea: Greek myth and peculiar identity
Open accessAbstract
This paper will primarily focus on the philosophical depictions of Medea’s character and actions. The following identities will be examined: gender (which...
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TL;DR
This paper reads Medea’s identity through three frames—gender/marriage, foreignness/political belonging, and excessive emotion/psyche—using Euripides and Seneca alongside ancient philosophy. It argues Medea’s identity is unstable and excessive, eluding fixed determination, and that her self-becoming as “Medea” is tied to violence, especially killing her children.
Key findings
- The paper examines three identities: gender (roles defining women in antiquity), political (what it means to be a foreigner outside a political community), and psychological (whether passions split or constitute the psyche), treating Medea as an exceptional “(in)humanness” in Greco-Roman society.
- On marriage, Medea is in a state of ἀπορία—both married and unmarried—after Jason abandons her; her marriage, born from a heroic but criminal act, can only be resolved through crime or violence, and she cannot recover the dowry she brought.
- On foreignness, Medea is a barbarian, foreigner, and refugee; Greeks projected undesirable qualities onto outsiders, making her a mirror/renegade, while Stoic cosmopolitanism would make her a citizen of the world, though as a fugitive she acts against nature.
- On emotion, Euripides’ Medea knows the evil she is about to do but says her raging heart is stronger than her plans; Stoics see her as a unified rational soul out of control, Plato as split between reason and passion, and recent readings see a complex interplay. She becomes Medea by killing her children, ceasing to be a mother.
Methods
- Philosophical and classical textual analysis, not empirical research; it interprets Euripides’ and Seneca’s *Medea* in parallel with ancient sources (Plato, Aristotle, Stoics, Epictetus, Seneca, etc.) and modern scholarship.
- The analysis is organized around three identity frames: Medea as a married woman, as a female foreigner, and as someone prone to excessive emotions or passions; it also compares Greek and Roman social/legal positions, such as Roman women’s greater rights and dowry rules.
- No sample, dataset, or quantitative analysis is reported; evidence is literary, philosophical, and legal texts.
Limitations
- The authors state that their analyses “remain deficient in their attempt to substantiate all the complexity of her case” and suggest future frameworks such as intersectionality and Karen Barad’s interference patterns.
- Evident from the text: the study is interpretive and text-based, with no empirical data or systematic sampling, relying on ancient literary/philosophical sources and secondary scholarship.
- Evident from the text: the authors note they deal with Medea while she is still in a relationship with Jason, not after she left him, as that is a different story and myth.
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Claims the paper makes
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In the paper
“But, the first but, not all women were positioned and treated according to the previously mentioned description.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Kito 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: In Ancient Greece, women were defined by characteristics such as invisibility, domestic confinement, silence, ignorance, servitude, passivity, and being subjects of contract and social arrangement.
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In the paper
“Even more intriguing is the mask's history as a tool for assuming different identities in religious rituals, orgies, and festivals held in honor of the god Dionysus (Du Toit 1997).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Du Toit 1997
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“However, her Achilleslike heroic attributes had not been met with a comparable admiration, because “her gender complicates this issue” (Blondell 1999, 164).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Blondell 1999
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In the paper
“Some philosophers like Aristotle go as far as to consider a woman not having a fully developed mind and thus representing an immature child (cf.Arist.Pol.1260 ab).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Arist.Pol.1260 ab
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In the paper
“Her position is such that she requests what she cannot have back in order to divorce from Jason (“I am leaving; give me back what is mine,” Sen. Med.4889).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Sen. Med.4889
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In the paper
“Since antiquity, Medea's name has been associated with μήδεσθαι (i.e., the verb μήδομαι), meaning cunning plotting and contriving, making her an archetypal example of a barbarian woman who schemes and deceives, cheats by using a trick, or commits (un)expected fraud (cf.OCD s.v.Medea; LSJ).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites OCD s.v.Medea
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- Not matchedcites LSJ
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In the paper
“Sometimes she resembles the wild and terrifying Maenads, the women who follow Dionysus in a state of ecstasy and frenzy after they ceremonially leave the city (Bell 1991(Bell , 2878;;OCD s.v. maenads).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bell 1991 source
- Not matchedcites OCD s.v. maenads
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 60
- Probably not a substantial claim. 41
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In the paper
“She asks for mercy and to not be left alone in a foreign country (Sen.Med.119; Sen. Med.447).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Sen.Med.119
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- Not matchedcites Sen. Med.447
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In the paper
“Unlike women in Greece, women in Rome were visible, because Roman women had more rights and greater independence.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Vigneron & Gerknes 2000
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it seems that philosophy cannot even exist without myth.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Medea can be a woman of Greece as well as a woman of Rome, and it seems that Euripides' Medea is more of a Greek woman and Seneca's more of a Roman woman.”
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In the paper
“The myth of Medea fascinated the Greeks and Romans, to the point that “philosophers and orators returned to her obsessively” (Harris 2004, 131), and it continues to fascinate modern readers.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Harris 2004 source
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Medea is the only woman among the Argonauts, and she makes political as well as military decisions -for what is war if not an attack on a sovereign, an invasion of his territory by a foreigner, and the theft of one of his greatest treasures?”
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In the paper
“The mask played a magical role in the transformation of the social order, which could not only be imagined, but also sometimes physically, bodily, and sensually experienced, allowing one to get a taste of the social world as it might be (Du Toit 1997).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Du Toit 1997
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Medea appears to be violent not only in front of and to others; she is also violent towards her own nature.”
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Her use of her magical powers to help Jason complete his mission elevated her to the ranks of men, as well as heroines, and made her his “partner in crime.””
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“displaying “many stereotypically Greek male attributes, such as courage, intelligence, decisiveness, resourcefulness, power, independence, and the ability to conceive and carry out a plan effectively.In these qualities she surpasses every male character in the play” (Blondell 1999, 162).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Blondell 1999
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In the paper
“Despite her Asian origins, she was settled and worshiped in Athens (OCD s.v.Hecate).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites OCD s.v.Hecate
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In the paper
“Like the mythical Odysseus, she disrupts the established support structures,foot_3 both her own and Jason's (by killing his second wife and her father King Creon).”
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In the paper
“It is Medea, not Jason or Hercules -to name a few Argonauts -who is responsible for acquiring the Golden Fleece, and for Argo sailing home safely with its crew (Sen.Med.238).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Sen.Med.238
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In the paper
“The Amazon women are also of Asian origin, as well as Medea, who, at least in one version of the tragedy -Seneca's -was portrayed as a woman of supernatural powers, as a witch, as a woman asking for the fulfillment of her prophecies, as a woman both unconstrained and untamed.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Sen. Med.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The audience understands that the actor behind the mask is not the same person as the character they represent, but that does not stop them from immersing themselves in the play and reacting and cathartically relieving themselves as if they were a reallife character.”
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By committing violence against those who have power over her but should also represent her support structure, she commits violence against the biological (her own blood) and the political (her homeland, the community) inside her.”
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In the paper
“All of this, however, does not change the fact that there are numerous examples to the contrary, indicating that the women in Kitto's examples are merely and predominantly an exception to the rule.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Kito 2008
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Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: In Ancient Greece, women were defined by characteristics such as invisibility, domestic confinement, silence, ignorance, servitude, passivity, and being subjects of contract and social arrangement.
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In the paper
“During those festivities, anyone could be anyone, including the social position opposite their own, so the social order was turned upside down: ordinary people could be gods, kings could be beggars, women could be men, and so on.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Du Toit 1997
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In the paper
“Of course, she is a foreigner in both cases, a “barbarian” from Colchis on the Black Sea and an immigrant on the margins of Corinthian societyfoot_2 (Blondell 1999).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Blondell 1999
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In the paper
“Medea is also someone who invokes Hecate and other divinities associated with marriage (“O gods of marriage!”:Sen. Med.1), such as Juno and Athens -goddesses whom Jason also invoked on their wedding day when he made his vow to Medea.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Sen. Med.1
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In the paper
“if the sources were read more carefully (and more methodically), we would see that there is tenderness in marriage; that spouses conversed and not just shared the marital bed; that wives were not completely excluded from city life; that women were not mere prisoners; and that some women were probably even respected, mourned, and grieved over when they died too young”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Kito 2008
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Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: In Ancient Greece, women were defined by characteristics such as invisibility, domestic confinement, silence, ignorance, servitude, passivity, and being subjects of contract and social arrangement.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Stoicism holds that caring for one's offspring is natural and inherent, which is one of the reasons Seneca deemed her behavior unnatural.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Seneca
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some of these questions lead to a discussion of Medea's character, which appears to have changed between her first and last meeting with Jason, at least in the sense that she committed her first evildoings while she was young and motivated by love, as she herself said, while the rest she committed as a mature woman and driven by revenge and anger.”
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In the paper
“At the same time, Medea calls upon the “Chaos of Endless Night” and cold Persephone (the “queen abducted”), as well as her ancestor Helios.She also summons Furies, for they punish sinners (“O vengeful Furies, punisher of sinners”: Sen. Med.13), and one such sinner is, obviously, her husband Jason.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Sen. Med.13
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In the paper
“In the theater, identity is presented through a mask, a “persona,” which serves the purpose of identifying a character on the stage (Elliot 1982).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Elliot 1982
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In the paper
“She does not hesitate to use violence against her family, first against her primary family (father and brother), then her secondary family (husband).”
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In the paper
“It seems that every Athenian house had a spot dedicated to this goddess, and “only women” engaged with her (Slapšak 2013, 88).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Slapšak 2013
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If we consider the stage to be a metaphor for social life, we can perceive identity as inherently linked to a certain tension between a person (their authentic “I”) and their social role.”
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In the paper
“As Medea thoroughly explains, she brought a dowry into her willful marriage with Jason, a dowry that is treasure or that which is most valuable to her father | 53 | (the Golden Fleece and his son, her brother), then her homeland, but also her shame, a dowry that cannot be returned to her (see Sen. Med.480 90).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Sen. Med.480 90
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Medea will become Medea when she ceases to be a mother, because she was made a mother by Jason, whom she wishes to take vengeance on.”
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If this is true, then Medea, despite her actions, is no stranger to the world, at least no more than any other human.”
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In the paper
“Women could be, and from the Ancient times onwards are traditionally understood as “the other tribe, born from other races and the imagination of illdisposed gods,” or as the beings “who cause disorder in the world of men” (Slapšak 2013, 13).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Slapšak 2013
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In the paper
“This complex angry, passionate, yet calculated Medea, represents an ultimate threat to patriarchal society, one reflected in a woman's subjectivity and independent will.”
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In the paper
“However, she bypasses simple positions that we would forcefully impose in order to understand her.”
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In the paper
“Remember, this is what she has been doing the entire time: she consciously chooses to kill her children, she consciously chooses love and crime out of love at the start of her relationship with Jason, and then she consciously chooses anger.”
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In the paper
“She uncovers male anxiety about women's will and sexual autonomy, which, given her status as a witch, are viewed as expressions of demonic/evil power (Blondell 1999, 151).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Blondell 1999, 151
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Medea appears to be constantly striving to become what she is not (still), as much as being a person torn between two extremes.”
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Medea is a negative, an exception that exposes the rule, debunking societal projections to the outsiders as the reflection of the society's own making.In that respect, Medea might be regarded as the renegade of Greek society, acting as its mirror.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Seneca's version emphasizes that the Colchidian princess becomes Medea (“Now, I am Medea”: Sen. Med.910) only when she commits a more heinous crime than all her previous ones, only when her identity, i.e. who she is, evolves through the suffering she is subjected to -“My nature has grown with my suffering” (Sen.Med.910).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Sen. Med.910
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In the paper
“Roman Stoic Epictetus would argue that Medea should have known better, and thus bears moral responsibility.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Epictetus
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Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Medea suffers and is enraged as a result.”
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In the paper
“Additionally, this suffering could be interpreted as a woman's, when Medea appeals to the chorus of Corinthian women for compassion and solidarity: “Of all those beings capable of life and thought, we women are most miserable of living things” (Eur.Med.2302), after which they express sympathy for her “misfortune” and promise to keep her revenge quiet.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Eur.Med.2302
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
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None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“However, she acts in ignorance, and her ignorance is reflected in the fact that she does not know, at least from a Stoic perspective, what she can and cannot influence; because if she did know this, she would have realized that Jason is not hers and that she has no control over him, only over herself (cf.Epict.Diss.2.17.2122;Epict.Diss.1.1).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Epict.Diss.2.17.2122
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- Not matchedcites Epict.Diss.1.1
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Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Jason, despite being from another Greek polis, is not a barbarian and thus does not fully comprehend her situation.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: In accordance with being a barbarian, Medea's actions are quite the opposite to those of a typical Greek woman, and similar to the actions of barbarian women.
In the paper
“Roman women appear to have had some influence over their tutors (husbands or other legal representatives) and could choose whom they married.In addition, they could ask for substitute tutors in absence of their own and, for example, “when the tutor refused to authorise a contract the woman wanted to make, she could appeal to the praetor and the latter would force the tutor to admit the contract” (”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Vigneron & Gerknes 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A woman, on the other hand, could not take advantage of this privilege, meaning she could not participate in the affairs of the polis.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“To reiterate, Roman women had more rights than Greek women.This can be seen in Roman laws, and some scholars go so far as to claim that the women of ancient Rome were, legally speaking, emancipated, meaning equal to men (but only before the arrival of Christianity), although “they were under the jurisdiction of a tutor” or guardian who looked over them and their businesses (Vigneron & Gerknes 2000”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Vigneron & Gerknes 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For Seneca, suffering is always something immoderate, something over the top, something that is an excess for both an individual and a society that strives to be average and balance emotions in order to function.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Sen.Med.603
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Medea, unlike an Athenian woman or a woman of some other Greek polis, is not even Greek; she is a foreigner, someone whose language and culture are not entirely comprehensive.”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Stoics would argue that Medea does not have separate and different desires and forces within her, that she is always one, and that it would be incorrect to regard her as different from one moment to the next (cf.Annas 2020).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Annas 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“interpret Medea's struggle not as something inherently divided and contradictory (reason vs. passion), but as something rather complex in operation, whereby two sides of her motivation are not separate and opposite -they play in concert when she makes a horrific decision (Foley 1989).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Foley 1989 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Medea is not just a representative of a foreigner, but also the way in which a foreigner is treated.”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Foreign women bring with them a risk; in certain societies, they cannot even produce children who can be full members of society, including Sparta and Athens during some periods.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This makes Medea and Jason equal partners who have united in mutual adventure, as previously explained.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Medea thus represents Dionysian principle: she is unruly and immodest, wild and defiant of conventional laws (cf.OCD s.v.Dionysus).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites OCD s.v.Dionysus
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: In accordance with being a barbarian, Medea's actions are quite the opposite to those of a typical Greek woman, and similar to the actions of barbarian women.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is no inner division, only actions based on what appear to be the best reasons (she does not want to leave her children, become a refugee along with her children, etc.).”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Unlike the Stoics, Plato would say that Medea's irrational side outweighed her rational side, and that Medea is not a unified whole.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Plato
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Even then, Medea is rational, because the human soul as a whole is rational, whereas emotions are simply a manner/expression of a person's psychical state (see also Nusbaum 2009Nusbaum [1994]], 449).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Nusbaum 2009
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“late Roman Stoic Aurelius asserts that the soul of each man [human being] is fundamental ly the same as the souls of other human beings (cf.Aur.Med.4.29) -im plying that a human soul is rational, and that this is what unites all people (including slaves, foreigners, rulers, beggars, men, and women).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Aur.Med.4.29
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Medea is a single, undivided human being, just like everybody else, with all their virtues and flaws or vices, and everything that happens inside her takes place on the same stage where we can think one thing one moment and something else the next.”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“On the one hand, griefstricken by the betrayal and broken promises, Medea appears as a stereotypical Greek woman preoccupied with love and marriage, and on the other, we see her as “the masculine Hellenic barbarian” (Blondell 1999, 166), enraged and revengeful.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Blondell 1999
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Jason's and Medea's marriage, which is still in effect, is a marriage born out of a heroic but also criminal act and can only be resolved through crime or violence.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to myths, the first woman -Pandora -was like that (cf.Vernan 2002).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Vernan 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Medea exemplifies the absolute nature of love -which is founded on the absolute destruction of the primary family and absolute vengeance when this love and loyalty are betrayed by her partner -rather than a conventional, arranged marriage (Ato Quayson, pers.comm.).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ato Quayson, pers.comm.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is unclear when the wedding took place, but it appears undeniable that Medea and Jason were married and that their marriage was consumed.The norm was, therefore, met.”
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Philosophers liked to assert that the distinctive feature of the humans or human ψυχή is rationality (see, for example Arist.Nic.Eth.1012ab; Diog.Laert.7.110; Epict.Diss.2.9.2), that humans could be seen as rational animals (see also Annas 1993, 160), i.e. that they differ from other animals or living things in their rationality (making them similar to gods, the Stoics would say; Diog.Laert.7.8588”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Arist.Nic.Eth.1012ab
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Diog.Laert.7.110
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Epict.Diss.2.9.2
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“But what Medea constantly delivers is excess, probably best understood through patterns of interference by Karen Barad (Barad & DeKoven 2001), which are constraining as well as enabling, nonexhaustive and undetermined, yet always open for surprise.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Barad & DeKoven 2001
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“She could have chosen to interpret her situation and hopelessness differently, thereby avoiding her fall.”
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In divorce cases, Roman women kept the dowry they brought to their marriage.That is “their husbands were obliged to give the dowry back in the case of a marriage's dissolution” and in such cases “the wife was certain to get her dowry back” (Vigneron & Gerknes 2000, 112).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Vigneron & Gerknes 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By becoming again whom she wants to become, Medea commits violence and thereby, we would argue, undermines the institution of marriage, the institution that should principally protect her.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Any attempt to ascertain her identity in advance is doomed to failure because it eludes us in its inconstancy.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“According to legal documents of the Athenian polis, the guardian (mostly the father) “gave the woman in marriage -and a dowry with her,” and “if there was a divorce, the dowry returned with the wife to the guardian” (Kito 2008, 261).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Kito 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
In Ancient Greece, women were defined by characteristics such as invisibility, domestic confinement, silence, ignorance, servitude, passivity, and being subjects of contract and social arrangement.
“In Ancient Greece, though not exclusively there and then, a woman was defined by a number of characteristics, including being invisible, in the house, on the margins, on the sidelines, out of the way of curious eyes, ignorant, silent, the one who gives birth, a slave, a servant, endurant, a subject of contract 2 and social arrangement, an outcast, passive, the one who dies young, a girl but still”
The paper relies on this without support.
Divorce was more common among Roman women than among women in Euripides' time, especially among Roman aristocratic women.
“Divorce was more common among Roman women than among women in Euripides' time, especially among Roman aristocratic women (and we could imagine Medea as an aristocrat; after all, she is the daughter of a king).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
In accordance with being a barbarian, Medea's actions are quite the opposite to those of a typical Greek woman, and similar to the actions of barbarian women.
“If we recall the definition of a typical Greek woman at the beginning of the previous section (housebound, invisible, silent, and at disposal of the familial and societal need), we very much assume that, in accordance with being a barbarian, Medea's actions are quite the opposite to those of a typical Greek woman, and similar to the actions of barbarian women.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Foreign women bring with them a risk; in certain societies, they cannot even produce children who can be full members of society, including Sparta and Athens during some periods.
“Foreign women bring with them a risk.In certain societies, they cannot even produce children who can be full members of society.Such societies include that of Sparta, and also of Athens during some periods.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Seneca forbids a woman from taking her children with her, which is in conformity with Roman law, because the father, not the mother, decided on the fate of the children.
“Seneca forbids a woman from taking her children with her, which is in conformity with Roman law, because the father, not the mother, decided on the fate of the children.”
Citations
Cites
Nussbaum, M. C. (2009) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781400831944 · Cited by 791
Long, A. A. (2002) · doi:10.1093/0199245568.001.0001 · Cited by 338
Did Chrysippus understand Medea?
Gill, C. (1983) · Phronesis · doi:10.1163/156852883x00086 · Cited by 198
The Oxford Classical Dictionary
Ferri, R. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acref/9780199545568.001.0001 · Cited by 170
Geerts, E., & van der Tuin, I. (2013) · Women s Studies International Forum · doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2013.07.013 · Cited by 100
Luschnig, C. E. (2007) · BRILL eBooks · doi:10.1163/ej.9789004160590.i-220 · Cited by 54
Gender and Sexuality in Stoic Philosophy
Grahn-Wilder, M. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-53694-1 · Cited by 48
Euripides' Medea : Vengeance, Reversal and Closure
Segal, C. P. (1996) · Pallas · doi:10.3406/palla.1996.1392 · Cited by 45
Foley, H. (1989) · Classical Antiquity · doi:10.2307/25010896 · Cited by 20
That One Should Disdain Hardships
Rufus, M. (2020) · Yale University Press eBooks · doi:10.12987/9780300252286 · Cited by 13
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 13
- Annas, Julia. 1993. The Morality of Happiness. Oxford. Oxford University Press.
- Aristotle. 1944. Aristotle in 23 Volumes. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd.
- Aurelius, Marcus. 2006. Meditations. Transl. Martin Hammond. Penguin Classics.
- Barad, Karen & Marianne DeKoven. 2001. “Re(Con)figuring space, time, and matter.” In Feminist locations: Global and local, theory and practice, ed. Marianne DeKoven, 75-109. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
- Blondell, Ruby. 1999. “Medea. Introduction.” In Women on the Edge. Four Plays by Euripides, ed. David M. Halperin, 147-168. New York: Routledge.
- Elliot, Richard. C. 1982. The Literary Persona. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Epictetus. 2014. Discourses, Fragments, Handbook. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Euripides. 1999. “Medea.” Transl. Ruby Blondell. In Women on the Edge. Four Plays by Euripides, ed. David M. Halperin, 169-215. New York: Routledge.
- Hesiod. 1914. The Homeric Hymns and Homerica. Transl. Hugh G. Evelyn-White. Theogony. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd.
- Liddell, Henry George & Robert Scott. 1940. A Greek-English Lexicon. Revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- A Latin Dictionary. 1879. Founded on Andrews’ edition of Freund’s Latin dictionary. Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten by Charlton T. Lewis, Ph.D. and Charles Short, LL.D. Oxford. Clarendon Press.
- Rayor, Diane J. & Andre Lardionois. 2014. Sappho. A New Translation of the Complete Works. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Šijaković, Đurđina. 2014. „Drugost varvarke - Medeja Euripidova i Medeja Velimira Lukića“. Glasnik Etnografskog instituta SANU 62 (2): 181-198.
Cited by
Still being checked.
Metadata
- Authors
- Plecas, T., & Djordjevic, A.
- Affiliations
- Univerzitet u Beogradu, Institut za filozofiju i društvenu teoriju
- University of Belgrade (RS)
- Venue
- Glasnik Etnografskog instituta
- Publisher
- National Library of Serbia
- Published
- 2023
- Volume
- 71
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 45-62
- ISSN
- 0350-0861 (ISSN-L)
- 2334-8259
- OpenAlex
- W4380080512
- Cited by
- 0
- References
- 16
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Glasnik Etnografskog instituta (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Repository of the Institute for Philosophy and Social Theory (University of Belgrade, Institute for Philosophy and Social Theory) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Classical Philosophy and Thought
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Classics › Classical Antiquity Studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › General Arts and Humanities › Cultural and Mythological Studies
- Keywords
- Medea, Greek mythology, Greco-Roman philosophy, gender roles, women in antiquity, inhumanity, identity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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