Cited by 777Attachment and Relationship DynamicsInfant Health and DevelopmentChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

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Infant Irritability, Mother Responsiveness, and Social Support Influences on the Security of Infant-Mother Attachment

Crockenberg, Susan B.·1981·Child Development

DOI 10.2307/1129087

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Abstract

This study investigates the influence of infant irritability, maternal responsiveness, and social support on the development of secure and anxious infant-mother attachments at 1 year. Infant irritability was assessed during the neonatal period using the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale, maternal responsiveness to crying was measured during observations at 3 months, and social support was based on interviews also conducted at 3 months. Security of attachment measures were derived from strange-situation videotapes. Results indicate that social support is the best predictor of secure attachment, and that it is most important for mothers with irritable babies. Maternal unresponsiveness is associated with resistance during reunion episodes and appears to be a mechanism through which anxious attachment develops. Some evidence suggests that social support may mitigate the effects of unresponsive mothering by providing the infant with a responsive substitute. Results are discussed in terms of a transactional/contextual model of development.

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(2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822 · Cited by 148
Life at Home: Same Time, Different Places — An Examination of the HOME Inventory in Different Cultures
Bradley, R. H., CORWYN, R. F., & Whiteside-Mansell, L. (1996) · Early Development and Parenting · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0917(199612)5:4 · Cited by 136
Socializing Children and Parents in Families
Peterson, G. W., & Hann, D. M. (1999) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-5367-7_14 · Cited by 140
Goodness-of-fit in family context: Infant temperament, marital quality, and early coparenting behavior
Schoppe‐Sullivan, S. J., Mangelsdorf, S. C., Brown, G. L., & Sokolowski, M. S. (2006) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2006.11.008 · Cited by 132
“Despite the obvious significance of the infant’s temperament in shaping the larger family system of which she or he is a part, scant research has focused on understanding how the infant’s characteristics affect the family system beyond consideration of effects on parent–child (primarily mother–child) relationships (e.…”
Background
Nonparental Child Care: Context, Concepts, Correlates, and Consequences
Lamb, M. E., & Ahnert, L. (2007) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470147658.chpsy0423 · Cited by 129
Temperamental Contributions to Social Behavior: The Moderating Roles of Frontal EEG Asymmetry and Gender
Henderson, H. A., Fox, N. A., & Rubin, K. H. (2001) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200101000-00018 · Cited by 132
“negative reactivity ( Crockenberg, 1981; Riese, 1987).”
Families and individual development: provocations from the field of family therapy
Minuchin, P. (1985) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1129720 · Cited by 1,654
Excessively crying infant in the family: mother–infant, father–infant and mother–father interaction
Räihä, H., Lehtonen, L., Huhtala, V., et al. (2002) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2214.2002.00292.x · Cited by 122
Change in Maternal Behavior during the Baby' s First Year of Life
Crockenberg, S., & McCluskey, K. S. (1986) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1986.tb00242.x · Cited by 122
Self-citation
Mothers' interactions with temperamentally frustrated infants
Calkins, S. D., Hungerford, A., & Dedmon, S. E. (2004) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.20002 · Cited by 127
“Or, she argued, the negative relation might be observable only when other circumstances, such as low social support or stress, are present (e.g., Crockenberg, 1981).”
BackgroundResult
The influence of early mother—child interaction on preschool cognitive/linguistic outcomes in a high-social-risk group
Kelly, J. F., Morisset, C. E., Barnard, K. E., Hammond, M. A., & Booth, C. L. (1996) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0355(199624)17:4 · Cited by 68
Editor's introduction
Dunst, C. J. (1986) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/1097-0355(198621)7:1
The development of stranger fear in infancy and toddlerhood: normative development, individual differences, antecedents, and outcomes
Brooker, R. J., Buss, K. A., Lemery‐Chalfant, K., Aksan, N. S., Davidson, R. J., & Goldsmith, H. H. (2013) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12058 · Cited by 130
“There is, in fact, evidence that temperamental characteristics in children, including fearfulness, can evoke behaviors (Crockenberg, 1981; Crockenberg & McCluskey, 1986) and symptoms in parents over time (Brooker, Neiderhiser, Ganiban, Leve, Shaw & Reiss, 2012).”
Representations of Attachment in Mothers and Their One-Year-Old Infants
Zeanah, C. H., Benoit, D., Barton, M. L., REGAN, C., Hirshberg, L., & Lipsitt, L. P. (1993) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199303000-00007 · Cited by 119
Genetic and environmental influence on attachment disorganization
Spangler, G., Johann, M., Rónai, Z., & Zimmermann, P. (2009) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.02054.x · Cited by 121
The tactile context of a mother’s caregiving: implications for attachment of low birth weight infants
Weiss, S. J., Wilson, P., Hertenstein, M. J., & Campos, R. (2000) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/s0163-6383(00)00030-8 · Cited by 116
“In addition, there is evidence that certain types of neurobehavioral limitations (many of which are experienced by LBW infants) may affect the attachment relationship adversely (Belsky & Rovine, 1987; Crockenberg, 1981; Miyake, Chen & Campos, 1985; Vaughn & Bost, 1999; Van den Boon, 1994).”
Background
Grandparents as Support and Socialization Agents
Tinsley, B. R., & Parke, R. D. (1984) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-9415-1_8 · Cited by 118

Authors: Crockenberg, S. B.
Affiliations: University of California, Davis (US)
Corresponding author: Crockenberg, Susan B.
Venue: Child Development
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 1981-09
Volume: 52
Issue: 3
Pages: 857
ISSN: 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.2307/1129087
OpenAlex: W1993089994
Cited by: 777
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 45 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 18
FWCI: 29.17
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Child Development (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Infant Health and Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: infant irritability, maternal responsiveness, social support, infant-mother attachment, secure attachment, attachment anxiety, neonatal crying, Strange Situation Procedure, transactional model of development
MeSH terms: Crying, Female, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Male, Mother-Child Relations, Object Attachment, Personality, Social Behavior, Social Environment

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Infant Irritability, Mother Responsiveness, and Social Support Influences on the Security of Infant-Mother Attachment

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