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An Archaeological Contribution to the Early Iron Age Chronological Debate: Alternative Chronologies for Phoenicia and Their Effects on the Levant, Cyprus, and Greece

Gilboa, Ayelet, Sharon, Ilan·2003·Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
DOI 10.2307/1357808
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Abstract

The debate over the chronology of the early Iron Age in Israel by far transcends Palestinian archaeology, history, and biblical historiography. Chronologies for most of the adjacent regions, and those of entities farther afield, such as Cyprus and Greece, are largely dependent on the Levant. The debate has centered to date mainly on historical considerations, adjusting the chronologies of the material record to the different proposed scenarios. This article advocates an opposite approach, namely, constructing detailed artifactual, mainly ceramic sequences, anchoring these to an absolute time scale by 14C dating, and only then correlating them with historical data. Southern Phoenicia is proposed as a starting point for such an endeavor. Not only does it offer the most detailed stratigraphic/ceramic sequence to date for the early Iron Age in the Southern Levant, its commercial ties provide a wealth of ceramic indices for correlating the Phoenician sequence with other series of the Levant and farther Mediterranean regions. To a large extent these overcome problems of regionalism, which otherwise hamper attempts at chronological cross-correlations in this relatively fragmented period. Two alternative chronologies are presented: the traditional, high chronology, which has been established mainly on the basis of biblical/historical considerations, and the newly proposed low one, which is supported by radiometric dates from Tel Dor. The adoption of either one will entail a revision…

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Metadata

Authors
Gilboa, A., & Sharon, I.
ORCID
Venue
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
Publisher
University of Chicago Press
Published
2003-11
Volume
332
Pages
7-80
ISSN
  • 0003-097X (ISSN-L)
  • 2161-8062
DOI
10.2307/1357808
OpenAlex
W2329004667
Cited by
141
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 5
FWCI
39.50
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Ancient Mediterranean Archaeology and History
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Biblical Studies and Interpretation
  • Social Sciences › Archeology › Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
Keywords
ceramic sequence, radiocarbon dating, Tel Dor, Southern Levant, Cyprus, Phoenician trade, absolute chronology, biblical chronology

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