Anatolian Tree Rings and a New Chronology for the East Mediterranean Bronze-Iron Ages
Abstract
We report an extensive program of high-precision radiocarbon dating to establish the best date for a floating 1599-year Anatolian tree ring chronology that spans the later third millennium B.C. through the earlier first millennium B.C. This chronology is directly associated with a number of key sites and ancient personages. A previously suggested dating is withdrawn and is replaced by a robust new date fix 22 (+4 or -7) years earlier. These new radiocarbon wiggle-matched dates offer a unique independent resource for establishing the precise chronology of the ancient Near East and Aegean and help resolve, among others, a long-standing debate in favor of the so-called Middle Mesopotamian chronology.
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The Gordion Juniperus spp. chronology is well-established and near-absolutely placed in time.
“The Gordion (GOR) Juniperus spp. chronology is likewise well-established and near-absolutely placed in time [22, 23, 31, 40, 41].”
From Integrated Tree-Ring-Radiocarbon High-Resolution Timeframe to Resolve Earlier Second Millennium BCE Mesopotamian Chronology (2016) · cites this paper as [22]
The link between the MBA chronology and the Gordion chronology is problematic at best, resulting from an attempt to connect the two via a dendrochronological bridge, a Juniperus spp. chronology from Porsuk.
“But the link between the MBA chronology and the Gordion chronology is problematic at best, resulting from an attempt to connect the two via a dendrochronological ‘bridge’, a Juniperus spp. chronology from Porsuk (POR) (southeast Anatolia) [21–23, 31, 40, 42].”
From Integrated Tree-Ring-Radiocarbon High-Resolution Timeframe to Resolve Earlier Second Millennium BCE Mesopotamian Chronology (2016) · cites this paper as [22]
Our work moves the date of a previously reported unusual tree-ring growth anomaly in the Porsuk chronology-tentatively associated with the effects of the Santorini/Thera volcanic eruption-to an earlier period, meaning that this growth-ring anomaly is not associated with the Santorini event.
“Further, our work moves the date of a previously reported unusual tree-ring growth anomaly in the Porsuk chronology–tentatively associated with the effects of the Santorini/Thera volcanic eruption [21, 22, 46]–to an earlier period, meaning that this growth-ring anomaly is not associated with the Santorini event.”
From Integrated Tree-Ring-Radiocarbon High-Resolution Timeframe to Resolve Earlier Second Millennium BCE Mesopotamian Chronology (2016) · cites this paper as [22]
The wiggle-match of the 14C ages and the MBA tree-ring chronology indicates a precise placement for the MBA chronology likely ~13-16 years earlier than previously suggested on the basis of the withdrawn and non-secure dendrochronological crossdates with the Porsuk chronology.
“The wiggle-match of the 14C ages and the MBA tree-ring chronology (Figs 4–6, Table 2) indicates a precise placement for the MBA chronology likely ~13–16 years earlier than previously suggested [22, 23, 40] on the basis of the withdrawn and non-secure dendrochronological crossdates with the Porsuk chronology (Fig 7).”
From Integrated Tree-Ring-Radiocarbon High-Resolution Timeframe to Resolve Earlier Second Millennium BCE Mesopotamian Chronology (2016) · cites this paper as [22]
Classical least-squares curve fitting approaches achieve very similar best fit loci.
“Classical least-squares curve fitting approaches achieve very similar best fit loci [22, 43].”
From Integrated Tree-Ring-Radiocarbon High-Resolution Timeframe to Resolve Earlier Second Millennium BCE Mesopotamian Chronology (2016) · cites this paper as [22]
The previous date for the Sarıkaya Palace (1774 +4/-7 BCE) was problematic because it left construction occurring more or less when Šamši-Adad I died.
“Although this previous date favored the Middle Chronology, it was problematic as it left the construction of the Sarıkaya Palace at Acemhöyük (then given as 1774 +4/-7 BCE [22, 23]) occurring more or less when Šamši-Adad I died (REL197 = 1776 BCE on the Middle Chronology–and not long before Šamši-Adad I’s death on the Low Middle Chronology).”
From Integrated Tree-Ring-Radiocarbon High-Resolution Timeframe to Resolve Earlier Second Millennium BCE Mesopotamian Chronology (2016) · cites this paper as [22]
If the previously published crossdates and positions were correct, then all the chronologies should yield approximately the same calendar age ranges for RY776; they do not.
“If the previously published crossdates and positions were correct (e.g. [21–23, 31, 40, 41]), then all the chronologies should yield approximately the same calendar age ranges for RY776. They do not.”
From Integrated Tree-Ring-Radiocarbon High-Resolution Timeframe to Resolve Earlier Second Millennium BCE Mesopotamian Chronology (2016) · cites this paper as [22]
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“An unusual short-term tree-ring growth anomaly has been noted in the Porsuk chronology, with the hypothesis suggested that this might result from the impact of the large Santorini (Thera) volcanic eruption known from the mid second millennium BCE [21, 22, 46].”
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Self-citationWiggle-Match Dating of Wooden Samples from Iron Age Sites in Northern Italy
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Radiocarbon Dates from Iron Age Gordion are Confounded
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- Authors
- Manning, S. W., Kromer, B., Kuniholm, P. I., & Newton, M. W.
- Affiliations
- University of Reading (GB)
- Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities (DE)
- Cornell University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Manning, Sturt W.
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2001-12-21
- Volume
- 294
- Issue
- 5551
- Pages
- 2532-2535
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W1991041699
- Cited by
- 147
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 6.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Tree-ring climate responses
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology › Ancient and Medieval Archaeology Studies
- Keywords
- tree-ring chronology, radiocarbon wiggle-matching, Iron Age, chronology, ancient Near East, Aegean Sea
- MeSH terms
- Archaeology, Atmosphere, Bayes Theorem, Carbon Dioxide, Carbon Radioisotopes, Germany, Ireland, Seasons, Software, Time, Trees, Turkey, Wood, Least-Squares Analysis, Pinus, Quercus
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