Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
Cited by 174

The DOI matches its Crossref record.

Effectiveness of Prewriting Strategies as a Function of Task Demands

Kellogg, Ronald T.·1990·The American Journal of Psychology

Abstract

College students wrote a short informative essay calling for analytical thinking. The students either began drafting without any prewriting time (control), first prepared a hierarchical written outline (outline), or first prepared a visual network of ideas and their relations (cluster). Task demands were also varied. The writing task either demanded generation and organization of ideas (topic), demanded organization but provided suggested ideas (topic and ideas), or provided both ideas and a possible organizational scheme (topic, ideas, and organization)

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2307/1423213

Cites

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cited by

See all 174

Metadata

Authors
Kellogg, R. T.
Venue
The American Journal of Psychology
Published
1990
Volume
103
Issue
3
Pages
327
ISSN
0002-9556 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2463193765
Cited by
174
References
0
FWCI
6.75
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Effectiveness of Prewriting Strategies as a Function of Task Demands. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.2307/1423213
The paper
Kellogg, R. T. (1990). Effectiveness of Prewriting Strategies as a Function of Task Demands. The American Journal of Psychology. https://doi.org/10.2307/1423213

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.